native of the forests of the warmer parts of South and Central America, the kinkajou is about the size of a cat, of a uniform pale, yellowish-brown colour, nocturnal and arboreal in its habits, feeding on fruit, honey, eggs and small birds and mammals, and is of a tolerably gentle disposition and easily tamed. (See Carnivora.)
KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1815–1882), German poet, was born on the 11th of August 1815 at Obercassel near Bonn. Having studied theology at Bonn and afterwards in Berlin, he established himself at Bonn in 1836 as privat docent of theology, later became master at the gymnasium there, and was for a short time assistant preacher in Cologne. Changing his religious
opinions, he abandoned theology and delivered lectures on the
history of art, in which he had become interested on a journey to
Italy in 1837. In 1846 he was appointed extraordinary professor
of the history of art at Bonn University. For his share in the
revolution in the Palatinate in 1849 Kinkel was arrested and,
sentenced to penal servitude for life, was interned in the fortress
of Spandau. His friend Carl Schurz contrived in November 1850
to effect his escape to England, whence he went to the United
States. Returning to London in 1853, he for several years taught
German and lectured on German literature, and in 1858 founded
the German paper Hermann. In 1866 he accepted the professorship
of archaeology and the history of art at the Polytechnikum
in Zürich, in which city he died on the 13th of November 1882.
The popularity which Kinkel enjoyed in his day was hardly justified by his talent; his poetry is of the sweetly sentimental type which was much in vogue in Germany about the middle of the 19th century. His Gedichte first appeared in 1843, and have gone through several editions. He is to be seen to most advantage in the verse romances, Otto der Schütz, eine rheinische Geschichte in zwölf Abenteuern (1846) which in 1896 had attained its 75th edition, and Der Grobschmied von Antwerpen (1868). Among Kinkel’s other works may be mentioned the tragedy Nimrod (1857), and his history of art, Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den christlichen Völkern (1845). Kinkel’s first wife, Johanna, née Mockel (1810–1858), assisted her husband in his literary work, and was herself an author of considerable merit. Her admirable autobiographical novel Hans Ibeles in London was not published until 1860, after her death. She also wrote on musical subjects.
See A. Strodtmann, Gottfried Kinkel (2 vols., Hamburg, 1851); and O. Henne am Rhyn, G. Kinkel, ein Lebensbild (Zürich, 1883).
KINNING PARK, a southern suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. Pop. (1901), 13,852. It is situated on the left bank of the Clyde
between Glasgow, with which it is connected by tramway and
subway, and Govan. Since 1850 it has grown from a rural
village to a busy centre mainly inhabited by artisans and
labourers. Its principal industries are engineering, bread and
biscuit baking, soap-making and paint-making.
KINNOR (Gr. κινύρα), the Hebrew name for an ancient
stringed instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible (Gen. iv. 21),
where it is now always translated “harp.” The identification of
the instrument has been much discussed, but, from the standpoint
of the history of musical instruments, the weight of evidence
is in favour of the view that the Semitic kinnor is the Greek
cithara (q.v.). This instrument was already in use before 2000 B.C.
among the Semitic races and in a higher state of development
than it ever attained in Greece during the best classic period.
It is unlikely that an instrument (which also appears on Hebrew
coins) so widely known and used in various parts of Asia Minor
in remote times, and occurring among the Hittite sculptures,
should pass unmentioned in the Bible, with the exception of
the verses in Dan. iii.
KINO, the West African name of an astringent drug introduced
into European medicine in 1757 by John Fothergill. When
described by him it was believed to have been brought from the
river Gambia in West Africa, and when first imported it was sold
in England as Gummi rubrum astringens gambiense. It was
obtained from Pterocarpus erinaceus. The drug now recognized
as the legitimate kind is East Indian, Malabar or Amboyna kino,
which is the evaporated juice obtained from incisions in the trunk
of Pterocarpus Marsupium (Leguminosae), though Botany Bay
or eucalyptus kino is used in Australia. When exuding from the
tree it resembles red-currant jelly, but hardens in a few hours after
exposure to the air and sun. When sufficiently dried it is packed
into wooden boxes for exportation. When these are opened it
breaks up into angular brittle fragments of a blackish-red colour
and shining surface. In cold water it is only partially dissolved,
leaving a pale flocculent residue which is soluble in boiling water
but deposited again on cooling. It is soluble in alcohol and
caustic alkalis, but not in ether.
The chief constituent of the drug is kino-tannic acid, which is present to the extent of about 75%; it is only very slightly soluble in cold water. It is not absorbed at all from the stomach and only very slowly from the intestine. Other constituents are gum, pyrocatechin, and kinoin, a crystalline neutral principle. Kino-red is also present in small quantity, being an oxidation product of kino-tannic acid. The useful preparations of this drug are the tincture (dose 12–1 drachm), and the pulvis kino compositus (dose 5–20 gr.) which contains one part of opium in twenty. The drug is frequently used in diarrhoea, its value being due to the relative insolubility of kino-tannic acid, which enables it to affect the lower part of the intestine. In this respect it is parallel with catechu. It is not now used as a gargle, antiseptics being recognized as the rational treatment for sore-throat.
KINORHYNCHA, an isolated group of minute animals containing the single genus Echinoderes F. Dujardin, with some eighteen species. They occur in mud and on sea-weeds at the bottom of shallow seas below low-water mark and devour organic débris.
 |
| (After Hartog, from Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii., “Worms, &c.,” by permission of Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) |
b, bristle; cs, caudal spine; ph, pharynx; s & s′, the spines on the
two segments of the proboscis; sg, salivary glands; st, stomach.
The body is enclosed in a stout cuticle, prolonged in places into spines and bristles. These are especially conspicuous in two rings round the proboscis and in the two posterior caudal spines. The body is divided into eleven segments and the protrusible proboscis apparently into two, and the cuticle of the central segment is thickened to form three plates, one dorsal and two ventrolateral. The cuticle is secreted by an epidermis in which no cell boundaries are to be seen; it sends out processes into the bristles. The mouth opens at the tip of the retractile proboscis; it leads into a short thin-walled tube which opens into an oval muscular gizzard lined with a thick cuticle; at the posterior end of this are some minute glands and then follows a large stomach slightly sacculated in each segment, this tapers through the rectum to the terminal anus. A pair of pear-shaped, ciliated glands inside lie in the eighth segment and open on the ninth. They are regarded as kidneys. The nervous system consists of a ganglion or brain, which lies dorsally about the level of the junction of the pharynx and the stomach, a nerve ring and a segmented neutral cord. The only sense organs described are eyes, which occur in some species, and may number one to four pairs.
