edited under his superintendence, appeared in two volumes in 1843–1845 and passed through three editions. His Daily Bible Illustrations (8 vols. 1849–1853) received an appreciation which is not yet extinct. In 1850 he received an annuity of £100 from the civil list. In August 1854 he went to Germany for the waters of Cannstatt on the Neckar, where on the 25th of November he died.
See Kitto’s own work, The Lost Senses (1845); J. E. Ryland’s Memoirs of Kitto (1856); and John Eadie’s Life of Kitto (1857).
KITTUR, a village of British India, in the Belgaum district
of Bombay; pop. (1901), 4922. It contains a ruined fort,
formerly the residence of a Mahratta chief. In connexion with a
disputed succession to this chiefship in 1824, St John Thackeray,
an uncle of the novelist, was killed when approaching the fort
under a flag of truce; and a nephew of Sir Thomas Munro,
governor of Madras, fell subsequently when the fort was stormed.
KITZINGEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Main, 95 m. S.E. of Frankfort-on-Main by rail, at the
junction of the main-lines to Passau, Würzburg and Schweinfurt.
Pop. (1900), 8489. A bridge, 300 yards long, connects it with
its suburb Etwashausen on the left bank of the river. A railway
bridge also spans the Main at this point. Kitzingen is still
surrounded by its old walls and towers, and has an Evangelical
and two Roman Catholic churches, two municipal museums, a
town-hall, a grammar school, a richly endowed hospital and
two old convents. Its chief industries are brewing, cask-making
and the manufacture of cement and colours. Considerable
trade in wine, fruit, grain and timber is carried on by
boats on the Main. Kitzingen possessed a Benedictine abbey
in the 8th century, and later belonged to the bishopric of
Würzburg.
See F. Bernbeck, Kitzinger Chronik 745–1565 (Kitzingen, 1899).
KIU-KIANG FU, a prefecture and prefectural city in the province of Kiang-si, China. The city, which is situated on the south bank of the Yangtsze-kiang, 15 m. above the point
where the Kan Kiang flows into that river from the Po-yang
lake, stands in 29° 42′ N. and 116° 8′ E. The north face of the
city is separated from the river by only the width of a roadway,
and two large lakes lie on its west and south fronts. The walls
are from 5 to 6 m. in circumference, and are more than usually
strong and broad. As is generally the case with old cities in
China, Kiu-Kiang has repeatedly changed its name. Under
the Tsin dynasty (A.D. 265–420), it was known as Sin-Yang,
under the Liang dynasty (502–557) as Kiang Chow, under the
Suy dynasty (589–618) as Kiu-Kiang, under the Sung dynasty
(960–1127) as Ting-Kiang, and under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
it assumed the name it at present bears. Kiu-Kiang has
played its part in the history of the empire, and has been repeatedly
besieged and sometimes taken, the last time being
in February 1853, when the T’ai-p’ing rebels gained possession
of the city. After their manner they looted and utterly destroyed
it, leaving only the remains of a single street to represent
the once flourishing town. The position of Kiu-Kiang on
the Yangtsze-kiang and its proximity to the channels of internal
communication through the Po-yang lake, more especially to
those leading to the green-tea-producing districts of the provinces
of Kiang-si and Ngan-hui, induced Lord Elgin to choose it as
one of the treaty ports to be opened under the terms of his
treaty (1861). Unfortunately, however, it stands above instead
of below the outlet of the Po-yang lake, and this has proved to
be a decided drawback to its success as a commercial port.
The immediate effect of opening the town to foreign trade was
to raise the population in one year from 10,000 to 40,000. The
population in 1908, exclusive of foreigners, was officially estimated
at 36,000. The foreign settlement extends westward from
the city, along the bank of the Yangtsze-kiang, and is bounded
on its extreme west by the P’un river, which there runs into
the Yangtsze. The bund, which is 500 yards long, was erected
by the foreign community. The climate is good, and though
hot in the summer months is invariably cold and bracing in the
winter. According to the customs returns the value of the
trade of the port amounted in 1902 to £2,854,704, and in 1904
to £3,489,816, of which £1,726,506 were imports and £1,763,310
exports. In 1904 322,266 ℔. of opium were imported.
KIUSTENDIL, the chief town of a department in Bulgaria, situated in a mountainous country, on a small affluent of the Struma, 43 m. S.W. of Sofia by rail. Pop. (1906), 12,353. The streets are narrow and uneven, and the majority of the houses are of clay or wood. The town is chiefly notable for its hot mineral springs, in connexion with which there are nine bathing establishments. Small quantities of gold and silver
are obtained from mines near Kiustendil, and vines, tobacco and fruit are largely cultivated. Some remains survive of the Roman period, when the town was known as Pautalia, Ulpia Pautalia, and Pautalia Aurelii. In the 10th century it became the seat of a bishopric, being then and during the later middle ages known by the Slavonic name of Velbuzhd. After the overthrow of the Servian kingdom it came into the possession of Constantine, brother of the despot Yovan Dragash, who
ruled over northern Macedonia. Constantine was expelled and killed by the Turks in 1394. In the 15th century Kiustendil
was known as Velbushka Banya, and more commonly as
Konstantinova Banya (Constantine’s Bath), from which has
developed the Turkish name Kiustendil.
KIVU, a considerable lake lying in the Central African (or
Albertine) rift-valley, about 60 m. N. of Tanganyika, into
which it discharges its waters by the Rusizi River. On the
north it is separated from the basin of the Nile by a line of
volcanic peaks. The length of the lake is about 55 m., and its
greatest breadth over 30, giving an area, including islands, of
about 1100 sq. m. It is about 4830 ft. above sea-level and is
roughly triangular in outline, the longest side lying to the west.
The coast-line is much broken, especially on the south-east,
where the indentations present a fjord-like character. The
lake is deep, and the shores are everywhere high, rising in places
in bold precipitous cliffs of volcanic rock. A large island,
Kwijwi or Kwichwi, oblong in shape and traversed by a hilly
ridge, runs in the direction of the major axis of the lake, south-west
of the centre, and there are many smaller islands. The
lake has many fish, but no crocodiles or hippopotami. South
of Kivu the rift-valley is blocked by huge ridges, through which
the Rusizi now breaks its way in a succession of steep gorges,
emerging from the lake in a foaming torrent, and descending
2000 ft. to the lacustrine plain at the head of Tanganyika.
The lake fauna is a typically fresh-water one, presenting no
affinities with the marine or “halolimnic” fauna of Tanganyika
and other Central African lakes, but is similar to that shown
by fossils to have once existed in the more northern parts of the
rift-valley. The former outlet or extension in this direction
seems to have been blocked in recent geological times by the
elevation of the volcanic peaks which dammed back the water,
causing it finally to overflow to the south. This volcanic region
is of great interest and has various names, that most used being
Mfumbiro (q.v.), though this name is sometimes restricted to a
single peak. Kivu and Mfumbiro were first heard of by J. H.
Speke in 1861, but not visited by a European until 1894, when
Count von Götzen passed through the country on his journey
across the continent. The lake and its vicinity were subsequently
explored by Dr R. Kandt, Captain Bethe, E. S.
Grogan, J. E. S. Moore, and Major St Hill Gibbons. The
ownership of Kivu and its neighbourhood was claimed by the
Congo Free State and by Germany, the dispute being settled
in 1910, after Belgium had taken over the Congo State. The
frontier agreed upon was the west bank of the Rusizi, and
the west shore of the lake. The island of Kwijwi also fell to
Belgium.
See R. Kandt, Caput Nili (Berlin, 1904), and Karte des Kivusees, 1: 285,000, with text by A. v. Bockelmann (Berlin, 1902); E. S. Grogan and A. H. Sharpe, From the Cape to Cairo (London, 1900); J. E. S. Moore, To the Mountains of the Moon (London, 1901); A. St H. Gibbons, Africa from South to North, ii. (London, 1904).
KIWI, or Kiwi-Kiwi, the Maori name—first apparently
introduced to zoological literature by Lesson in 1828 (Man.
