owns much of the land upon which the north-western suburbs of Vienna stand. Among the points of interest within it are the old chapel of 1318, with Leopold’s tomb and the altar of Verdun, dating from the 12th century, the treasury and relic-chamber, the library with 30,000 volumes and many MSS., the picture gallery, the collection of coins, the theological hall, and the wine-cellar, containing an immense tun like that at Heidelberg. The inhabitants of Klosterneuburg are mainly occupied in making wine, of excellent quality. There is a large cement factory outside the town. In Roman times the castle of Citium stood in the region of Klosterneuburg. The town was founded by Charlemagne, and received its charter as a town in 1298.
KLOTZ, REINHOLD (1807–1870), German classical scholar,
was born near Chemnitz in Saxony on the 13th of March 1807.
In 1849 he was appointed professor in the university of Leipzig
in succession to Gottfried Hermann, and held this post till his
death on the 10th of August 1870. Klotz was a man of unwearied
industry, and devoted special attention to Latin literature.
He was the author of editions of several classical authors, of which the most important were: the complete works of Cicero (2nd ed., 1869–1874); Clement of Alexandria (1831–1834); Euripides (1841–1867), in continuation of Pflugk’s edition, but unfinished; Terence (1838–1840), with the commentaries of Donatus and Eugraphius. Mention should also be made of: Handwörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache (5th ed., 1874); Römische Litteraturgeschichte (1847), of which only the introductory volume appeared; an edition of the treatise De Graecae linguae particulis (1835–1842) of Matthaeus Deverius (Devares), a learned Corfiote (c. 1500–1570), and corrector of the Greek MSS. in the Vatican; the posthumous Index Ciceronianus (1872) and Handbuch der lateinischen Stilistik (1874). From 1831–1855 Klotz was editor of the Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie (Leipzig). During the troubled times of 1848 and the following years he showed himself a strong conservative.
A memoir by his son Richard will be found in the Jahrbücher for 1871, pp. 154–163.
KNARESBOROUGH, a market town in the Ripon parliamentary
division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 1612 m.
W. by N. from York by a branch of the North Eastern railway.
Pop. of urban district (1901), 4979. Its situation is most
picturesque, on the steep left bank of the river Nidd, which here
follows a well-wooded valley, hemmed in by limestone cliffs. The
church of St John the Baptist is Early English, but has numerous
Decorated and Perpendicular additions; it is a cruciform building
containing several interesting monuments. Knaresborough
Castle was probably founded in 1070 by Serlo de Burgh. Its
remains, however, are of the 14th century, and include a massive
keep rising finely from a cliff above the Nidd. After the battle
of Marston Moor it was taken by Fairfax, and in 1648 it was
ordered to be dismantled. To the south of the castle is St
Robert’s chapel, an excavation in the rock constructed into an
ecclesiastical edifice in the reign of Richard I. Several of the
excavations in the limestone, which is extensively quarried, are
incorporated in dwelling-houses. A little farther down the river
is St Robert’s cave, which is supposed to have been the residence
of the hermit, and in 1744 was the scene of the murder of Daniel
Clarke by Eugene Aram, whose story is told in Lytton’s well-known
novel. Opposite the castle is the Dropping Well, the
waters of which are impregnated with lime and have petrifying
power, this action causing the curious and beautiful incrustations
formed where the water falls over a slight cliff. The
Knaresborough free grammar school was founded in 1616. There
is a large agricultural trade, and linen and leather manufactures
and the quarries also employ a considerable number of persons.
Knaresborough (Canardesburg, Cnarreburc, Cknareburg), which belonged to the Crown before the Conquest, formed part of William the Conqueror’s grant to his follower Serlo de Burgh. Being forfeited by his grandson Eustace FitzJohn in the reign of Stephen, Knaresborough was granted to Robert de Stuteville, from whose descendants it passed through marriage to Hugh de Morville, one of the murderers of Thomas Becket, who with his three accomplices remained in hiding in the castle for a whole year. During the 13th and 14th centuries the castle and lordship changed hands very frequently; they were granted successively to Hubert de Burgh, whose son forfeited them after the battle of Evesham, to Richard, earl of Cornwall, whose son Edmund died without issue; to Piers Gaveston, and lastly to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and so to the Crown as parcel of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1317 John de Lilleburn, who was holding the castle of Knaresborough for Thomas duke of Lancaster against the king, surrendered under conditions to William de Ros of Hamelak, but before leaving the castle managed to destroy all the records of the liberties and privileges of the town which were kept in the castle. In 1368 an inquisition was taken to ascertain these privileges, and the jurors found that the burgesses held “all the soil of their borough yielding 7s. 4d. yearly and doing suit at the king’s court.” In the reign of Henry VIII. Knaresborough is said by Leland to be “no great thing and meanely builded but the market there is quik.” During the civil wars Knaresborough was held for some time by the Royalists, but they were obliged to surrender, and the castle was among those ordered to be destroyed by parliament in 1646. A market on Wednesday and a fortnightly fair on the same day from the Feast of St Mark to that of St Andrew are claimed under a charter of Charles II. confirming earlier charters. Lead ore was found and worked on Knaresborough Common in the 16th century. From 1555 to 1867 the town returned two members to parliament, but in the latter year the number was reduced to one, and in 1885 the representation was merged in that of the West Riding.
KNAVE (O.E. cnafa, cognate with Ger. Knabe, boy), originally
a male child, a boy (Chaucer, Canterbury Tales: “Clerk’s Tale,”
I. 388). Like Lat. puer, the word was early used as a name for
any boy or lad employed as a servant, and so of male servants in
general (Chaucer: “Pardoner’s Tale,” 1. 204). The current use
of the word for a man who is dishonest and crafty, a rogue, was
however an early usage, and is found in Layamon (c. 1205).
In playing-cards the lowest court card of each suit, the “jack,”
representing a medieval servant, is called the “knave.” (See
also Valet.)
KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON (1744–1834), German poet
and translator, was born at the castle of Wallerstein in Franconia
on the 30th of November 1744. After having studied law for
a short while at Halle, he entered the regiment of the crown
prince of Prussia in Potsdam and was attached to it as officer
for ten years. Disappointed in his military career, owing to the
slowness of promotion, he retired in 1774, and accepting the post
of tutor to Prince Konstantin of Weimar, accompanied him and
his elder brother, the hereditary prince, on a tour to Paris. On
this journey he visited Goethe in Frankfort-on-Main, and introduced
him to the hereditary prince, Charles Augustus. This
meeting is memorable as being the immediate cause of Goethe’s
later intimate connexion with the Weimar court. After Knebel’s
return and the premature death of his pupil he was pensioned,
receiving the rank of major. In 1798 he married the singer
Luise von Rudorf, and retired to Ilmenau; but in 1805 he
removed to Jena, where he lived until his death on the 23rd
of February 1834. Knebel’s Sammlung kleiner Gedichte (1815),
issued anonymously, and Distichen (1827) contain many graceful
sonnets, but it is as a translator that he is best known. His
translation of the elegies of Propertius, Elegien des Properz
(1798), and that of Lucretius’ De rerum natura (2 vols., 1831) are
deservedly praised. Since their first acquaintance Knebel and
Goethe were intimate friends, and not the least interesting of
Knebel’s writings is his correspondence with the eminent poet,
Briefwechsel mit Goethe (ed. G. E. Guhrauer, 2 vols., 1851).
Knebel’s Literarischer Nachlass und Briefwechsel was edited by K. A. Varnhagen von Ense and T. Mundt in 3 vols. (1835; 2nd ed., 1840). See Hugo von Knebel-Döberitz, Karl Ludwig von Knebel (1890).
KNEE (O.E. cnéow, a word common to Indo-European
languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span, hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr.
γόνυ, Sansk. janu), in human anatomy, the articulation of the
upper and lower parts of the leg, the joint between the femur
and the tibia (see Joints). The word is also used of articulation
resembling the knee-joint in shape or position in other animals;
it thus is applied to the carpal articulation of the fore leg of a
horse, answering to the ankle in man, or to the tarsal articulation
or heel of a bird’s foot.
