high and the height of the whole 210 ft. This was erected in 1896. According to an old and popular legend, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa sits asleep beside a marble table in the interior of the mountain, surrounded by his knights, awaiting the destined day when he shall awaken and lead the united peoples of Germany against her enemies, and so inaugurate an era of unexampled glory. But G. Vogt has advanced cogent reasons (see Hist. Zeitschrift, xxvi. 131–187) for believing that the real hero of the legend is the other great Hohenstaufen emperor, Frederick II., not Frederick I. Around him gradually crystallized the hopes of the German peoples, and to him they looked for help in the hour of their sorest need. But this is not the only legend of a slumbering future deliverer which lives on in Germany. Similar hopes cling to the memory of Charlemagne, sleeping in a hill near Paderborn; to that of the Saxon hero Widukind, in a hill in Westphalia; to Siegfried, in the hill of Geroldseck; and to Henry I., in a hill near Goslar.
See Richter, Das deutsche Kyffhäusergebirge (Eisleben, 1876); Lemcke, Der deutsche Kaisertraum und der Kyffhäuser (Magdeburg, 1887); and Führer durch das Kyffhäusergebirge (Sangerhausen, 1891); Baltzer, Das Kyffhäusergebirge (Rudolstadt, 1882); A. Fulda, Die Kyffhäusersage (Sangerhausen, 1889); and Anemüller, Kyffhäuser und Rothenburg (Detmold, 1892).
KYNASTON, EDWARD (c. 1640–1706), English actor, was born in London and first appeared in Rhodes’s company, having been, like Betterton, a clerk in Rhodes’s book-shop before he set up a company in the Cockpit in Drury Lane. Kynaston was probably the last and certainly the best of the male actors of female parts, for which his personal beauty admirably fitted him. His last female part was Evadne in The Maid’s Tragedy in 1661 with Killigrew’s company. In 1665 he was playing important male parts at Covent Garden. He joined Betterton at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in 1695, after which he received less important rôles, retiring in 1699. He died in 1706, and was buried on the 18th of January.
KYNETON, a town of Dalhousie county, Victoria, Australia,
on the river Campaspe, 56 m. by rail N.N.W. of Melbourne.
Pop. (1901), 3274. It is the centre of a prosperous agricultural
and pastoral district. Important stock sales and an
annual exhibition of stock are held. There are, moreover,
some rich gold quartz reefs in the neighbourhood. Kyneton
lies at an elevation of 1687 ft., and the scenery of the district,
which includes some beautiful waterfalls, attracts visitors in
summer.
KYŌSAI, SHO-FU (1831–1889), Japanese painter, was born
at Koga in the province of Shimotsuke, Japan, in 1831. After
working for a short time, as a boy, with Kuniyoshi, he received
his artistic training in the studio of Kanō Dōhaku, but soon
abandoned the formal traditions of his master for the greater
freedom of the popular school. During the political ferment
which produced and followed the revolution of 1867, Kyōsai
attained a considerable reputation as a caricaturist. He was
three times arrested and imprisoned by the authorities of the
shogunate. Soon after the assumption of effective power by the
mikado, a great congress of painters and men of letters was held,
at which Kyōsai was present. He again expressed his opinion
of the new movement in a caricature, which had a great popular
success, but also brought him into the hands of the police—this
time of the opposite party. Kyōsai must be considered
the greatest successor of Hokusai (of whom, however, he was
not a pupil), and as the first political caricaturist of Japan.
His work—like his life—is somewhat wild and undisciplined,
and “occasionally smacks of the sakē cup.” But if he did
not possess Hokusai’s dignity, power and reticence, he substituted
an exuberant fancy, which always lends interest to
draughtsmanship of very great technical excellence. In
addition to his caricatures, Kyōsai painted a large number
of pictures and sketches, often choosing subjects from the
folk-lore of his country. A fine collection of these works is
preserved in the British Museum; and there are also good
examples in the National Art Library at South Kensington,
and the Musée Guimet at Paris. Among his illustrated books
may be mentioned Yehon Taka-kagami, Illustrations of Hawks
(5 vols., 1870, &c.); Kyōsai Gwafu (1880); Kyōsai Dongwa;
Kyōsai Raku-gwa; Kyōsai Riaku-gwa; Kyōsai Mangwa (1881);
Kyōsai Suigwa (1882); and Kyōsai Gwaden (1887). The latter
is illustrated by him under the name of Kawanabe Tōyoku,
and two of its four volumes are devoted to an account of his
own art and life. He died in 1889.
See Guimet (É.) and Regamey (F.), Promenades japonaises (Paris, 1880); Anderson (W.), Catalogue of Japanese Painting in the British Museum (London, 1886); Mortimer Menpes, “A Personal View of Japanese Art: A Lesson from Kyōsai,” Magazine of Art (1888). (E. F. S.)
KYRIE (in full kyrie eleison, or eleeson, Gr. κύριε ἐλέησον; cf. Ps. cxxii. 3, Matt. XV. 22, &c., meaning “Lord, have mercy”), the words of petition used at the beginning of the Mass and in other offices of the Eastern and Roman Churches. In the Anglican Book of Common Prayer the Kyrie is introduced into the orders for Morning and Evening Prayer, and also, with an additional petition, as a response made by the congregation after the reading of each of the Ten Commandments at the opening of the Communion Service. These responses are usually sung, and the name Kyrie is thus also applied to their musical setting. In the Lutheran Church the Kyrie is still said or sung in the original Greek. “Kyrielle,” a shortened form of Kyrie eleison, is applied to eight-syllabled four-line verses, the last line in each verse being repeated as a refrain.
KYRLE, JOHN (1637–1724), “the Man of Ross,” English philanthropist, was born in the parish of Dymock, Gloucestershire, on the 22nd of May 1637. His father was a barrister and M.P., and the family had lived at Ross, in Herefordshire, for many generations. He was educated at Balliol College,
Oxford, and having succeeded to the property at Ross took up his abode there. In everything that concerned the welfare of the little town in which he lived he took a lively interest—in the education of the children, the distribution of alms, in improving and embellishing the town. He delighted in mediating between those who had quarrelled and in preventing lawsuits.
He was generous to the poor and spent all he had in good works.
He lived a great deal in the open air working with the labourers
on his farm. He died on the 7th of November 1724, and was
buried in the chancel of Ross Church. His memory is preserved
by the Kyrle Society, founded in 1877, to better the
lot of working people, by laying out parks, encouraging house
decoration, window gardening and flower growing. Ross was
eulogized by Pope in the third Moral Epistle (1732), and by
Coleridge in an early poem (1794).
KYSHTYM, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, 56 m. by rail N.N.W. of Chelyabinsk, on a river of the same name which connects two lakes. Pop. (1897), 12,331. The official name is Verkhne-Kyshtymskiy-Zavod, or Upper Kyshtym Works, to distinguish it from the Lower (Nizhne) Kyshtym Works, situated two miles lower down the same river.
