retained until the surrender, although paralysed in his right arm. During the period of Reconstruction Longstreet’s attitude towards the political problem, and the discussion of certain military incidents, notably the responsibility for the Gettysburg failure, brought the general into extreme unpopularity, and in the course of a controversy, which lasted for many years, much was said and written by both sides which could be condoned only by irritation. His acceptance of a Federal office at New Orleans brought him, in a riot, into armed conflict with his old Confederate soldiers. His admiration for General Grant and his loyalty to the Republican party accentuated the ill-feeling of the Southern people. But in time his services in former days were recalled, and he became once more “General Lee’s war-horse” to his old soldiers and the people of the South. He held several civil offices, among them being that of minister to Turkey under Grant and that of commissioner of Pacific railways under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt. In 1896 he published From Manassas to Appomattox, and in his later years he prepared an account of Gettysburg, which was published soon after his death, with notes and reminiscences of his whole military career. General Longstreet died at Gainesville, Georgia, on the 2nd of January 1904.
See Lee and Longstreet at High Tide, by Helen D. Longstreet (Gainesville, Ga., 1904).
LONGTON, a market-town of Staffordshire, England, on the North Staffordshire railway, 212 m. S.E. of Stoke-on-Trent, within which parliamentary and municipal borough it is included. Pop. (1901) 35,815. The town is in the Potteries district, and in the neighbourhood of coal and iron mines. It was governed by a mayor, 10 aldermen and 30 councillors until under the “Potteries Federation” scheme (1908) it became part of the borough of Stoke-on-Trent in 1910.
LONGUEVILLE, the name of a French family which originated
with Jean, count of Dunois, the “Bastard of Orleans,” to whom
Charles VII. gave the countship of Longueville in Normandy in
1443. François of Orleans, count of Longueville, was created
duke in 1505. The marriage of his brother Louis with Jeanne,
daughter and heiress of Philip, count of Baden-Hochberg-Sausenberg
(d. 1503), added considerable estates to the house of
Longueville. Henry, duc de Longueville (d. 1663), took an
important part in the Fronde, and for a long time held the royal
troops in check in Normandy. His wife, Anne Geneviève (see
below), was a leading figure in the political dissensions of the
time. The last of the family was Jean Louis, the Abbé d’Orléans,
who died in 1694. The numismatist, Charles d’Orléans-Rothelin
(1691–1744), belonged to a bastard branch of the family.
LONGUEVILLE, ANNE GENEVIÈVE, Duchesse de (1619–1679),
was the only daughter of Henri de Bourbon, Prince de
Condé, and his wife Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, and
the sister of Louis, the great Condé. She was born on the 28th
of August 1619, in the prison of Vincennes, into which her father
and mother had been thrown for opposition to Marshal D’Ancre,
the favourite of Marie de’ Medici, who was then regent in the
minority of Louis XIII. She was educated with great strictness
in the convent of the Carmelites in the Rue St Jacques at Paris.
Her early years were clouded by the execution of the duc de
Montmorency, her mother’s only brother, for intriguing against
Richelieu in 1631, and that of her mother’s cousin the comte de
Montmorency-Boutteville for duelling in 1635; but her parents
made their peace with Richelieu, and being introduced into
society in 1635 she soon became one of the stars of the Hôtel
Rambouillet, at that time the centre of all that was learned,
witty and gay in France. In 1642 she was married to the duc
de Longueville, governor of Normandy, a widower twice her age.
The marriage was not happy. After Richelieu’s death her father
became chief of the council of regency during the minority of
Louis XIV., her brother Louis won the great victory of Rocroy in
1643 (see Condé), and the duchess became of political importance.
In 1646 she accompanied her husband to Münster, where he was
sent by Mazarin as chief envoy, and where she charmed the
German diplomatists who were making the treaty of Westphalia,
and was addressed as the “goddess of peace and concord.” On
her return she fell in love with the duc de la Rochefoucauld, the
author of the Maxims, who made use of her love to obtain
influence over her brother, and thus win honours for himself.
She was the guiding spirit of the first Fronde, when she brought
over Armand, Prince de Conti, her second brother, and her
husband to the malcontents, but she failed to attract Condé
himself, whose loyalty to the court overthrew the first Fronde.
It was during the first Fronde that she lived at the Hôtel de
Ville and took the city of Paris as god-mother for the child born
to her there. The peace did not satisfy her, although La Rochefoucauld
won the titles he desired. The second Fronde was
largely her work, and in it she played the most prominent part in
attracting to the rebels first Condé and later Turenne. In the
last year of the war she was accompanied into Guienne by the
duc de Nemours, her intimacy with whom gave La Rochefoucauld
an excuse for abandoning her, and who himself immediately
returned to his old mistress the duchesse de Chevreuse.
Thus abandoned, and in disgrace at court, the duchess betook
herself to religion. She accompanied her husband to his government
at Rouen, and devoted herself to good works. She took for
her director M. Singlin, famous in the history of Port Royal.
She chiefly lived in Normandy till 1663, when her husband died,
and she came to Paris. There she became more and more
Jansenist in opinion, and her piety and the remembrance of her
influence during the disastrous days of the Fronde, and above all
the love her brother, the great Condé, bore her, made her conspicuous.
The king pardoned her and in every way showed
respect for her. She became the great protectress of the Jansenists;
it was in her house that Arnauld, Nicole and De Lane
were protected; and to her influence must be in great part
attributed the release of Lemaistre De Sacy from the Bastille, the
introduction of Pomponne into the ministry and of Arnauld to the
king. Her famous letters to the pope are part of the history of
Port Royal (q.v.), and as long as she lived the nuns of Port
Royal des Champs were left in safety. Her elder son resigned
his title and estates, and became a Jesuit under the name of the
Abbé d’Orléans, while the younger, after leading a debauched
life, was killed leading the attack in the passage of the Rhine in
1673. As her health failed she hardly ever left the convent of
the Carmelites in which she had been educated. On her death
in 1679 she was buried with great splendour by her brother
Condé, and her heart, as she had directed, was sent to the nuns of
the Port Royal des Champs.
The chief authority for Madame de Longueville’s life is a little book in two volumes by Villefore the Jansenist, published in 1738. Victor Cousin has devoted four volumes to her, which, though immensely diffuse, give a vivid picture of her time. See also Sainte-Beuve, Portraits des femmes (1840). Her connexion with Port Royal should be studied in Arnauld’s Memoirs, and in the different histories of that institution.
LONGUS, Greek sophist and romancer, author of Daphnis and Chloë. Nothing is known of his life, and all that can be said is that he probably lived at the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misreading of the last word of the title Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι δ´ in the Florentine MS.; Seiler also observes that the best MS. begins and ends with λόγου (not λόγγου) ποιμενικῶν. If his name was really Longus, he was probably a freedman of some Roman family which bore it. Longus’s style is rhetorical, his shepherds and shepherdesses are wholly conventional, but he has imparted human interest to a purely fanciful picture. As an analysis of feeling, Daphnis and Chloë makes a nearer approach to the modern novel than its chief rival among Greek erotic romances, the Aethiopica of Heliodorus, which is remarkable mainly for the ingenious succession of incidents. Daphnis and Chloë, two children found by shepherds, grow up together, nourishing a mutual love which neither suspects. The development of this simple passion forms the chief interest, and there are few incidents. Chloë is carried off by a pirate, and ultimately regains her family. Rivals alarm the peace of mind of Daphnis; but the two lovers are recognized by their parents, and return to a happy married life in the country. Daphnis and Chloë was the model of La Sireine of Honoré d’Urfé, the Diana enamorada of
