the daughter of the 1st duke of Abercorn. As a member of the Liberal party he was a lord of the treasury (1869–1872), under-secretary of war (1872–1874), and under-secretary of India (1880); in 1883 he was appointed governor-general of Canada, and from 1888 to 1893 he was viceroy of India. He joined the Liberal Unionist party when Mr Gladstone proposed home rule for Ireland, and on returning to England became one of its most influential leaders. He was secretary of state for war from 1895 to 1900, and foreign secretary from 1900 to 1906, becoming leader of the Unionist party in the House of Lords on Lord Salisbury’s death.
His brother Edmond George Fitzmaurice, Baron Fitzmaurice (b. 1846), was educated at Trinity, Cambridge, where he took a first class in classics. Unlike Lord Lansdowne, he remained a Liberal in politics and followed Mr Gladstone in his home rule policy. As Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice he entered the House of Commons in 1868, and was under-secretary for foreign affairs from 1882 to 1885. He then had no seat in parliament till 1898, when he was elected for the Cricklade division of Wilts, and retiring in 1905, he was created Baron Fitzmaurice of Leigh in 1906, and made under-secretary for foreign affairs in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman’s ministry. In 1908 he became chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster and a member of the Liberal cabinet, but resigned his post in 1909. He devoted much time to literary work, and was the author of excellent biographies of the 1st marquess, of Sir William Petty (1895), and of Lord Granville (1905), under whom he had served at the foreign office.
For the 1st marquess, see Lord Fitzmaurice, Life of William, Earl of Shelburne (3 vols., London, 1875–1876).
LANSDOWNE, a hill cantonment in India, in Garhwal district
of the United Provinces, about 6000 ft. above the sea,
19 m. by cart road from the station of Kotdwara on the Oudh
and Rohilkhand railway. Pop. (1901) 3943. The cantonment,
founded in 1887, extends for more than 3 m. through pine and
oak forests, and can accommodate three Gurkha battalions.
LANSING, the capital of Michigan, U.S.A., in Ingham county,
at the confluence of the Grand and Cedar rivers, about 85 m.
W.N.W. of Detroit and about 64 m. E.S.E. of Grand Rapids.
Pop. (1900) 16,485, of whom 2397 were foreign-born; (1910
census) 31,229. It is served by the Michigan Central, the
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Grand Trunk and the
Père Marquette railways, and by interurban electric lines. The
Grand river on its way through the city makes a horse-shoe bend
round a moderately elevated plateau; this is the commercial
centre of the city, and here, in a square covering 10 acres, is the
State Capitol, erected in 1873–1878 and containing the State
library. On the opposite side of the river, farther N., and also
extending across the southern portion of the city, are districts
devoted largely to manufacturing. Lansing has a public library
and a city hospital. About 3 m. E. of the city, at East Lansing,
is the State Agricultural College (coeducational), the oldest
agricultural college in the United States, which was provided
for by the state constitution of 1850, was organized in 1855
and opened in 1857. Its engineering course was begun in 1885;
a course in home economics for women was established in 1896;
and a forestry course was opened in 1902. In connexion with
the college there is an agricultural experiment station. Lansing
is the seat of the Michigan School for the Blind, and of the State
Industrial School for Boys, formerly the Reform School. The
city has abundant water-power and is an important manufacturing
centre. The value of the factory products increased
from $2,942,306 in 1900 to $6,887,415 in 1904, or 134.1%. The
municipality owns and operates the water-works and the electric-lighting
plant. The place was selected as the site for the
capital in 1847, when it was still covered with forests, and
growth was slow until 1862, when the railways began to reach
it. Lansing was chartered as a city in 1859 and rechartered in
1893.
LANSING MAN, the term applied by American ethnologists to
certain human remains discovered in 1902 during the digging of
a cellar near Lansing, Kansas, and by some authorities believed
to represent a prehistoric type of man. They include a skull
and several large adult bones and a child’s jaw. They were
found beneath 20 ft. of undisturbed silt, in a position indicating
intentional burial. The skull is preserved in the U. S.
National Museum at Washington. It is similar in shape to
those of historic Indians of the region. Its ethnological value
as indicating the existence of man on the Missouri in the
glacial period is very doubtful, it being impossible accurately
to determine the age of the deposits.
See Handbook of American Indians (Washington, 1907).
LANSQUENET, the French corrupted form of the German
Landsknecht (q.v.), a mercenary foot-soldier of the 16th century.
It is also the name of a card game said to have been introduced
into France by the Landsknechte. The pack of 52 cards is cut
by the player at the dealer’s right. The dealer lays the two first
cards face upwards on the table to his left; the third he places
in front of him and the fourth, or réjouissance card, in the middle
of the table. The players, usually called (except in the case of
the dealer) punters, stake any sum within the agreed limit upon
this réjouissance card; the dealer, who is also the banker,
covers the bets and then turns up the next card. If this fails to
match any of the cards already exposed, it is laid beside the
réjouissance card and then punters may stake upon it. Other
cards not matching are treated in the same manner. When a
card is turned which matches the réjouissance card, the banker
wins everything staked on it, and in like manner he wins what
is staked on any card (save his own) that is matched by the
card turned. The banker pays all stakes, and the deal is over
as soon as a card appears that matches his own; excepting
that should the two cards originally placed at his left both be
matched before his own, he is then entitled to a second deal.
In France matching means winning, not losing, as in Great
Britain. There are other variations of play on the continent of
Europe.
LANTARA, SIMON MATHURIN (1729–1778), French landscape painter, was born at Oncy on the 24th of March 1729.
His father was a weaver, and he himself began life as a herdboy;
but, having attracted the notice of Gille de Reumont, a son of his
master, he was placed under a painter at Versailles. Endowed
with great facility and real talent, his powers found ready
recognition; but he found the constraint of a regular life and
the society of educated people unbearably tiresome; and as long
as the proceeds of the last sale lasted he lived careless of the
future in the company of obscure workmen. Rich amateurs
more than once attracted him to their houses, only to find that
in ease and high living Lantara could produce nothing. He died
in Paris on the 22nd of December 1778. His works, now
much prized, are not numerous; the Louvre has one landscape,
“Morning,” signed and dated 1761. Bernard, Joseph
Vernet, and others are said to have added figures to his landscapes
and sea-pieces. Engravings after Lantara will be
found in the works of Lebas, Piquenot, Duret, Mouchy and
others. In 1809 a comedy called Lantara, or the Painter
in the Pothouse, was brought out at the Vaudeville with great
success.
See E. Bellier de la Chavignerie, Recherches sur le peintre Lantara (Paris, 1852).
LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat.
lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. λαμπτήρ, a torch or
lamp, λάμπειν, to shine, cf. “lamp”; the 16th- and 17th-century
form “lanthorn” is due to a mistaken derivation from “horn,”
as a material frequently used in the making of lanterns), a metal
case filled in with some transparent material, and used for holding
a light and protecting it from rain or wind. The appliance is of
two kinds—the hanging lantern and the hand lantern—both of
which are ancient. At Pompeii and Herculaneum have been
discovered two cylindrical bronze lanterns, with ornamented
pillars, to which chains are attached for carrying or hanging the
lantern. Plates of horn surrounded the bronze lamp within, and
the cover at the top can be removed for lighting and for the escape
of smoke. The hanging lantern for lighting rooms was composed
of ornamental metal work, of which iron and brass were perhaps
