William II., to Wiesbaden, being at the same time promoted to major’s rank, in order that he might devote his great dramatic talents to the royal theatre. His literary career began with the epic poems Jan van Calker, ein Malerlied vom Niederrhein (1887, 3rd ed., 1892) and Der Helfensteiner, ein Sang aus dem Bauernkriege (3rd ed., 1896). These were followed by Die Overstolzin (5th ed., 1900), Herodias (2nd ed., 1898) and the Geislerin (4th ed., 1902). He also wrote the novels Die Hexe (6th ed., 1900), Regina coeli (a story of the fall of the Dutch Republic) (7th ed., 1904), Die Hauptmannsfrau (8th ed., 1903) and Marie Verwahnen (1903). But he is best known as a dramatist. Beginning with the tragedy Ignez de Castro (1894), he proceeded to dramatize the great monarchs of his country, and, in a Hohenzollern tetralogy, issued Der Burggraf (1897, 6th ed. 1900) and Der Eisenzahn (1900), to be followed by Der grosse Kurfürst (The Great Elector) and Friedrich der Grosse (Frederick the Great).
See A. Schroeter, Josef Lauff, Ein litterarisches Zeitbild (1899), and B. Sturm, Josef Lauff (1903).
LAUGHTER, the visible and audible expression of mirth, pleasure or the sense of the ridiculous by movements of the facial muscles and inarticulate sounds (see Comedy, Play and Humour). The O. Eng. hleahtor is formed from hleahhan, to laugh, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. lachen, Goth. hlahjan, Icel. hlaeja, &c. These are in origin echoic or imitative words, to be referred to a Teut. base hlah-, Indo-Eur. kark-, to make a noise; Skeat (Etym. Dict., 1898) connects ultimately Gr. κλώσσειν, to cluck like a hen, κράζειν, to croak, &c. A gentle and inaudible form of laughter expressed by a movement of the lips and by the eyes is a “smile.” This is a comparatively late word in English, and is due to Scandinavian influence; cf. Swed. smila; it is ultimately connected with Lat. mirari, to wonder, and probably with Gr. μεῖδος.
LAUMONT, FRANÇOIS PIERRE NICHOLAS GILLET DE (1747–1834), French mineralogist, was born in Paris on the 28th of May 1747. He was educated at a military school, and served in the army from 1772–1784, when he was appointed inspector of mines. His attention in his leisure time was wholly given to mineralogy, and he assisted in organizing the new École des Mines in Paris. He was author of numerous mineralogical papers in the Journal and Annales des Mines. The mineral laumontite was named after him by Haüy. He died in Paris on the 1st of June 1834.
LAUNCESTON, a market town and municipal borough in
the Launceston parliamentary division of Cornwall, England,
3512 m. N.W. of Plymouth, on branches of the Great Western
and the London & South-Western railways. Pop. (1901) 4053.
It lies in a hilly district by and above the river Kensey, an
affluent of the Tamar, the houses standing picturesquely on
the southern slope of the narrow valley, with the keep of the
ancient castle crowning the summit. On the northern slope
lies the parish of St Stephen. The castle, the ruins of which
are in part of Norman date, was the seat of the earls of Cornwall,
and was frequently besieged during the civil wars of the 17th
century. In 1656 George Fox the Quaker was imprisoned in the
north-east tower for disturbing the peace at St Ives by distributing
tracts. Fragments of the old town walls and the south
gateway, of the Decorated period, are standing. The church
of St Mary Magdalen, built of granite, and richly ornamented
without, was erected early in the 16th century, but possesses
a detached tower dated 1380. A fine Norman doorway, now
appearing as the entrance to a hotel, is preserved from an
Augustinian priory founded in the reign of Henry I. The
parish church of St Stephen is Early English, and later, with
a Perpendicular tower. The trade of Launceston is chiefly
agricultural, but there are tanneries and iron foundries.
The borough is under a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors.
Area, 2189 acres.
A silver penny of Æthelred II. witnesses to the fact that the privilege of coining money was exercised by Launceston (Dunheved, Lanscaveton, Lanstone) more than half a century before the Norman conquest. At the time of the Domesday survey the canons of St Stephen held Launceston, and the count of Mortain held Dunheved. The number of families settled on the former is not given, but attention is called to the market which had been removed thence by the count to the neighbouring castle of Dunheved, which had two mills, one villein and thirteen bordars. A spot more favoured by nature could not have been chosen either for settlement or for defence than the rich lands near the confluence of the Kensey and Tamar, out of which there rises abruptly the gigantic mound upon which the castle is built. It is not known when the canons settled here nor whether the count’s castle, then newly erected, replaced some earlier fortification. Reginald, earl of Cornwall (1140–1175), granted to the canons rights of jurisdiction in all their lands and exemption from suit of court in the shire and hundred courts. Richard (1225–1272), king of the Romans, constituted Dunheved a free borough, and granted to the burgesses freedom from pontage, stallage and suillage, liberty to elect their own reeves, exemption from all pleas outside the borough except pleas of the crown, and a site for a gild-hall. The farm of the borough was fixed at 100s. payable to the earl, 65s. to the prior and 100s. 10d. to the lepers of St Leonard’s. In 1205 the market which had been held on Sunday was changed to Thursday. An inquisition held in 1383 discloses two markets, a merchant gild, pillory and tumbrel. In 1555 Dunheved, otherwise Launceston, received a charter of incorporation, the common council to consist of a mayor, 8 aldermen and a recorder. By its provisions the borough was governed until 1835. The parliamentary franchise which had been conferred in 1294 was confined to the corporation and a number of free burgesses. In 1832 Launceston was shorn of one of its members, and in 1885 merged in the county. Separated from it by a small bridge over the Kensey lies the hamlet of Newport which, from 1547 until 1832, also returned two members. These were swept away when the Reform Bill became law. Launceston was the assize town until Earl Richard, having built a palace at Restormel, removed the assize to Lostwithiel. In 1386 Launceston regained the privilege by royal charter. From 1715 until 1837, eleven years only excepted, the assize was held alternately here and at Bodmin. Since that time Bodmin has enjoyed the distinction. Launceston has never had a staple industry. The manufacture of serge was considerable early in the 19th century. Its market on Saturdays is well attended, and an ancient fair on the Feast of St Thomas is among those which survive.
See A. F. Robbins, Launceston Past and Present.
LAUNCESTON, the second city of Tasmania, in the county
of Cornwall, on the river Tamar, 40 m. from the N. coast of
the island, and 133 m. by rail N. by W. of Hobart. The city
lies amid surroundings of great natural beauty in a valley enclosed
by lofty hills. Cora Linn, about 6 m. distant, a deep
gorge of the North Esk river, the Punch Bowl and Cataract
Gorge, over which the South Esk falls in a magnificent cascade,
joining the North Esk to form the Tamar, are spots famed
throughout the Australian commonwealth for their romantic
beauty. The city is the commercial capital of northern Tasmania,
the river Tamar being navigable up to the town for
vessels of 4000 tons. The larger ships lie in midstream and
discharge into lighters, while vessels of 2000 tons can berth
alongside the wharves on to which the railway runs. Launceston
is a well-planned, pleasant town, lighted by electricity,
with numerous parks and squares and many fine buildings.
The post office, the custom house, the post office savings bank
and the Launceston bank form an attractive group; the town
hall is used exclusively for civic purposes, public meetings and
social functions being held in an elegant building called the
Albert hall. There are also a good art gallery, a theatre and
a number of fine churches, one of which, the Anglican church
of St John, dates from 1824. The city, which attained that rank
in 1889, has two attractive suburbs, Invermay and Trevallyn;
it has a racecourse at Mowbray 2 m. distant, and is the centre
and port of an important fruit-growing district. Pop. of the
city proper (1901) 18,022, of the city and suburbs 21,180.
LAUNCH. (1) A verb meaning originally to hurl, discharge a missile or other object, also to rush or shoot out suddenly
