&c., which have the shape, composition and sometimes even the
crystalline forms of leucite; they are probably pseudomorphs or
paramorphs, which have developed from leucite because this mineral,
in its isometric crystals, is not stable at ordinary temperatures and
may be expected under favourable conditions to undergo spontaneous
change into an aggregate of other minerals. Leucite is very often
accompanied by nepheline, sodalite or nosean; other minerals
which make their appearance with some frequency are melanite,
garnet and melilite.
The plutonic leucite-bearing rocks are leucite-syenite and missourite. Of these the former consists of orthoclase, nepheline, sodalite, diopside and aegirine, biotite and sphene. Two occurrences are known, one in Arkansas, the other in Sutherlandshire, Scotland. The Scottish rock has been called borolanite. Both examples show large rounded spots in the hand specimens; they are pseudo-leucites and under the microscope prove to consist of orthoclase, nepheline, sodalite and decomposition products. These have a radiate arrangement externally, but are of irregular structure at their centres; it is interesting to note that in both rocks melanite is an important accessory. The missourites are more basic and consist of leucite, olivine, augite and biotite; the leucite is partly fresh, partly altered to analcite, and the rock has a spotted character recalling that of the leucite-syenites. It has been found only in the Highwood Mountains of Montana.
The leucite-bearing dike-rocks are members of the tinguaite and monchiquite groups. The leucite-tinguaites are usually pale grey or greenish in colour and consist principally of nepheline, alkali-felspar and aegirine. The latter forms bright green moss-like patches and growths of indefinite shape, or in other cases scattered acicular prisms, among the felspars and nephelines of the ground mass. Where leucite occurs, it is always eumorphic in small, rounded, many-sided crystals in the ground mass, or in larger masses which have the same characters as the pseudo-leucites. Biotite occurs in some of these rocks, and melanite also is present. Nepheline appears to decrease in amount as leucite increases. Rocks of this group are known from Rio de Janeiro, Arkansas, Kola (in Finland), Montana and a few other places. In Greenland there are leucite-tinguaites with much arfvedsonite (hornblende) and eudyalite. Wherever they occur they accompany leucite- and nepheline-syenites. Leucite-monchiquites are fine-grained dark rocks consisting of olivine, titaniferous augite and iron oxides, with a glassy ground mass in which small rounded crystals of leucite are scattered. They have been described from Bohemia.
By far the greater number of the rocks which contain leucite are lavas of Tertiary or recent geological age. They are never acid rocks which contain quartz, but felspar is usually present, though there are certain groups of leucite lavas which are non-felspathic. Many of them also contain nepheline, sodalite, hauyne and nosean; the much rarer mineral melilite appears also in some examples. The commonest ferromagnesian mineral is augite (sometimes rich in soda), with olivine in the more basic varieties. Hornblende and biotite occur also, but are less common. Melanite is found in some of the lavas, as in the leucite-syenites.
The rocks in which orthoclase (or sanidine) is present in considerable amount are leucite-trachytes, leucite-phonolites and leucitophyres. Of these groups the two former, which are not sharply distinguished from one another by most authors, are common in the neighbourhood of Rome (L. Bracciano, L. Bolsena). They are of trachytic appearance, containing phenocysts of sanidine, leucite, augite and biotite. Sodalite or hauyne may also be present, but nepheline is typically absent. Rocks of this class occur also in the tuffs of the Phlegraean Fields, near Naples. The leucitophyres are rare rocks which have been described from various parts of the volcanic district of the Rhine (Olbrück, Laacher See, &c.) and from Monte Vulture in Italy. They are rich in leucite, but contain also some sanidine and often much nepheline with hauyne or nosean. Their pyroxene is principally aegirine or aegirine augite; some of them are rich in melanite. Microscopic sections of some of these rocks are of great interest on account of their beauty and the variety of felspathoid minerals which they contain. In Brazil leucitophyres have been found which belong to the Carboniferous period.
Those leucite rocks which contain abundant essential plagioclase felspar are known as leucite-tephrites and leucite-basanites. The former consist mainly of plagioclase, leucite and augite, while the latter contain olivine in addition. The leucite is often present in two sets of crystals, both porphyritic and as an ingredient of the ground mass. It is always idiomorphic with rounded outlines. The felspar ranges from bytownite to oligoclase, being usually a variety of labradorite; orthoclase is scarce. The augite varies a good deal in character, being green, brown or violet, but aegirine (the dark green pleochroic soda-iron-augite) is seldom present. Among the accessory minerals biotite, brown hornblende, hauyne, iron oxides and apatite are the commonest; melanite and nepheline may also occur. The ground mass of these rocks is only occasionally rich in glass. The leucite-tephrites and leucite-basanites of Vesuvius and Somma are familiar examples of this class of rocks. They are black or ashy-grey in colour, often vesicular, and may contain many large grey phenocysts of leucite. Their black augite and yellow green olivine are also easily detected in hand specimens. From Volcanello, Sardinia and Roccamonfina similar rocks are obtained; they occur also in Bohemia, in Java, Celebes, Kilimanjaro (Africa) and near Trebizond in Asia Minor.
Leucite lavas from which felspar is absent are divided into the leucitites and leucite basalts. The latter contain olivine, the former do not. Pyroxene is the usual ferromagnesian mineral, and resembles that of the tephrites and basanites. Sanidine, melanite, hauyne and perofskite are frequent accessory minerals in these rocks, and many of them contain melilite in some quantity. The well-known leucitite of the Capo di Bove, near Rome, is rich in this mineral, which forms irregular plates, yellow in the hand specimen, enclosing many small rounded crystals of leucite. Bracciano and Roccamonfina are other Italian localities for leucitite, and in Java, Montana, Celebes and New South Wales similar rocks occur. The leucite-basalts belong to more basic types and are rich in olivine and augite. They occur in great numbers in the Rhenish volcanic district (Eifel, Laacher See) and in Bohemia, and accompany tephrites or leucitites in Java, Montana, Celebes and Sardinia. The “peperino” of the neighbourhood of Rome is a leucitite tuff. (J. S. F.)
LEUCTRA, a village of Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae,
chiefly noticeable for the battle fought in its neighbourhood in
371 B.C. between the Thebans and the Spartans and their allies.
A Peloponnesian army, about 10,000 strong, which had invaded
Boeotia from Phocis, was here confronted by a Boeotian levy of
perhaps 6000 soldiers under Epaminondas (q.v.). In spite of
inferior numbers and the doubtful loyalty of his Boeotian allies,
Epaminondas offered battle on the plain before the town. Massing
his cavalry and the 50-deep column of Theban infantry on
his left wing, he sent forward this body in advance of his centre
and right wing. After a cavalry engagement in which the
Thebans drove their enemies off the field, the decisive issue was
fought out between the Theban and Spartan foot. The latter,
though fighting well, could not sustain in their 12-deep formation
the heavy impact of their opponents’ column, and were hurled
back with a loss of about 2000 men, of whom 700 were Spartan
citizens, including the king Cleombrotus. Seeing their right wing
beaten, the rest of the Peloponnesians retired and left the enemy
in possession of the field. Owing to the arrival of a Thessalian
army under Jason of Pherae, whose friendship they did not
trust, the Thebans were unable to exploit their victory. But
the battle is none the less of great significance in Greek history.
It marks a revolution in military tactics, affording the first
known instance of a deliberate concentration of attack upon the
vital point of the enemy’s line. Its political effects were equally
far-reaching, for the loss in material strength and prestige which
the Spartans here sustained deprived them for ever of their
supremacy in Greece.
Authorities.—Xenophon, Hellenica, vi. 4. 3-15; Diodorus xi. 53-56; Plutarch, Pelopidas, chs. 20-23; Pausanias ix. 13. 2-10; G. B. Grundy, The Topography of the Battle of Plataea (London, 1894), pp. 73-76; H. Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst (Berlin, 1900), i. 130 ff. (M. O. B. C.)
LEUK (Fr. Loèche Ville), an ancient and very picturesque
little town in the Swiss canton of the Valais. It is built above
the right bank of the Rhone, and is about 1 m. from the Leuk-Susten
station (1512 m. east of Sion and 1712 m. west of Brieg) on
the Simplon railway. In 1900 it had 1592 inhabitants, all but
wholly German-speaking and Romanists. About 1012 m. by a
winding carriage road N. of Leuk, and near the head of the Dala
valley, at a height of 4629 ft. above the sea-level, and overshadowed
by the cliffs of the Gemmi Pass (7641 ft.; q.v.) leading
over to the Bernese Oberland, are the Baths of Leuk (Leukerbad,
or Loèche les Bains). They have only 613 permanent inhabitants,
but are much frequented in summer by visitors (largely French
and Swiss) attracted by the hot mineral springs. These are 22
in number, and are very abundant. The principal is that of
St Laurence, the water of which has a temperature of 124° F.
The season lasts from June to September. The village in winter
is long deprived of sunshine, and is much exposed to avalanches,
by which it was destroyed in 1518, 1719 and 1756, but it is now
protected by a strong embankment from a similar catastrophe.
(W. A. B. C.)
LEUTHEN, a village of Prussian Silesia, 10 m. W. of Breslau,
memorable as the scene of Frederick the Great’s victory over the
Austrians on December 5, 1757. The high road from Breslau
to Lüben crosses the marshy Schweidnitz Water at Lissa,
and immediately enters the rolling country about Neumarkt.
