parishioners to dance on Sunday, if the practice had won widespread toleration; on the other hand, they could not relax the usual discipline of the church on the strength of a few unguarded opinions of too indulgent casuists. Thus the Liguorian system surpassed all its predecessors in securing uniformity in the confessional on a basis of established usage, two advantages amply sufficient to ensure its speedy general adoption within the Church of Rome.
Lives by A. M. Tannoja, a pupil of Liguori’s (3 vols., Naples, 1798–1802); new ed., Turin, 1857; French trans., Paris, 1842; P. v. A. Giattini (Rome, 1815: Ger. trans., Vienna, 1835); F. W. Faber (4 vols., London, 1848–1849); M. A. Hugues (Münster, 1857); O. Gisler (Einsiedeln, 1887); K. Dilgskron (2 vols., Regensburg, 1887), perhaps the best; A. Capecelatro (2 vols., Rome, 1893); A. des Retours (Paris, 1903); A. C. Berthe (St Louis, 1906).
Works (a) Collected editions. Italian: (Monza, 1819, 1828; Venice, 1830; Naples, 1840 ff.; Turin, 1887, ff.). French: (Tournai, 1855 ff., new ed., 1895 ff.) German: (Regensburg, 1842–1847). English: (22 vols., New York, 1887–1895). Editions of the Theologia Moralis and other separate works are very numerous. (b) Letters: (2 vols., Monza, 1831; 3 vols., Rome, 1887 ff.). See also Meyrick, Moral and Devotional Theology of the Church of Rome, according to the Teaching of S. Alfonso de Liguori (London, 1857), and art. Casuistry. (St. C.)
LIGURES BAEBIANI, in ancient geography, a settlement of
Ligurians in Samnium, Italy. The towns of Taurasia and
Cisauna in Samnium had been captured in 298 B.C. by the consul
L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, and the territory of the former
remained Roman state domain. In 180 B.C. 47,000 Ligurians
from the neighbourhood of Luna (Ligures Apuani), with women
and children, were transferred to this district, and two settlements
were formed taking their names from the consuls of 181 B.C.,
the Ligures Baebiani and the Ligures Corneliani. The site of the
former town lies 15 m. N. of Beneventum, on the road to Saepinum
and Aesernia. In its ruins several inscriptions have been found,
notably a large bronze tablet discovered in a public building
in the Forum bearing the date A.D. 101, and relating to the
alimentary institution founded by Trajan here (see Veleia).
A sum of money was lent to landed proprietors of the district
(whose names and estates are specified in the inscription), and
the interest which it produced formed the income of the institution,
which, on the model of that of Veleia, would have served
to support a little over one hundred children. The capital was
401,800 sesterces, and the annual interest probably at 5%,
i.e. 20,090 sesterces (£4018 and £201 respectively). The site
of the other settlement—that of the Ligures Corneliani—is
unknown.
See T. Mommsen in Corp. Inscr. Lat. ix. (Berlin, 1883), 125 sqq. (T. As.)
LIGURIA, a modern territorial division of Italy, lying between
the Ligurian Alps and the Apennines on the N., and the Mediterranean
on the S. and extending from the frontier of France on
the W. to the Gulf of Spezia on the E. Its northern limits touch
Piedmont and Lombardy, while Emilia and Tuscany fringe
its eastern borders, the dividing line following as a rule the
summits of the mountains. Its area is 2037 sq. m. The railway
from Pisa skirts the entire coast of the territory, throwing off
lines to Parma from Sarzana and Spezia, to Milan and Turin
from Genoa, and to Turin from Savona, and there is a line from
Ventimiglia to Cuneo and Turin by the Col di Tenda. Liguria
embraces the two provinces of Genoa and Porto Maurizio
(Imperia), which once formed the republic of Genoa. Its
sparsely-peopled mountains slope gently northward towards
the Po, descending, however, abruptly into the sea at several
points; the narrow coast district, famous under the name of
the Riviera (q.v.), is divided at Genoa into the Riviera di Ponente
towards France, and the Riviera di Levante towards the east.
Its principal products are wheat, maize, wine, oranges, lemons,
fruits, olives and potatoes, though the olive groves are being
rapidly supplanted by flower-gardens, which grow flowers for
export. Copper and iron pyrites are mined. The principal
industries are iron-works, foundries, iron shipbuilding, engineering,
and boiler works (Genoa, Spezia, Sampierdarena, Sestri
Ponente, &c.), the production of cocoons, and the manufacture
of cottons and woollens. Owing to the sheltered situation and
the mildness of their climate, many of the coast towns are
chosen by thousands of foreigners for winter residence, while
the Italians frequent them in summer for sea-bathing. The
inhabitants have always been adventurous seamen—Columbus
and Amerigo Vespucci were Genoese,—and the coast has several
good harbours, Genoa, Spezia and Savona being the best. In
educational and general development, Liguria stands high
among the regions of Italy. The populations of the respective
provinces and their chief towns are, according to the census
of 1901 (popolazione residente or legale)—province of Genoa,
pop. 931,156; number of communes 197; chief towns—Genoa
(219,507), Spezia (66,263), Savona (38,648), Sampierdarena
(34,084), Sestri Ponente (17,225). Province of Porto Maurizio,
pop. 144,604, number of communes 106; chief towns—Porto
Maurizio (7207), S. Remo (20,027), Ventimiglia (11,468), Oneglia
(8252). Total for Liguria, 1,075,760.
The Ligurian coast became gradually subject to the Romans, and the road along it must have been correspondingly prolonged: up to the end of the Hannibalic war the regular starting-point for Spain by sea was Pisae, in 195 B.C. it was the harbour of Luna (Gulf of Spezia),[1] though Genua must have become Roman a little before this time, while, in 137 B.C., C. Hostilius Mancinus marched as far as Portus Herculis (Villafranca), and in 121 B.C. the province of Gallia Narbonensis was formed and the coast-road prolonged to the Pyrenees. In 14 B.C. Augustus restored the whole road from Placentia to Dertona (Via Postumia), and thence to Vada Sabatia (Via Aemilia[2]) and the River Varus (Var), so that it thenceforth took the name of Via Julia Augusta (see Aemilia, Via[2]). The other chief roads of Liguria were the portion of the Via Postumia from Dertona to Genua, a road from above Vada through Augusta Bagiennorum and Pollentia to Augusta Taurinorum, and another from Augusta Taurinorum to Hasta and Valentia. The names of the villages—Quarto, Quinto, &c.—on the south-east side and Pontedecimo on the north of Genoa allude to their distance along the Roman roads. The Roman Liguria, forming the ninth region of Augustus, was thus far more extensive than the modern, including the country on the north slopes of the Apennines and Maritime Alps between the Trebia and the Po, and extending a little beyond Albintimilium. On the west Augustus formed the provinces of the Alpes Maritimae and the Alpes Cottiae. Towns of importance were few, owing to the nature of the country. Dertona was the only colony, and Alba Pompeia, Augusta Bagiennorum, Pollentia, Hasta, Aquae Statiellae, and Genua may also be mentioned; but the Ligurians dwelt entirely in villages, and were organized as tribes. The mountainous character of Liguria made the spread of culture difficult; it remained a forest district, producing timber, cattle, ponies, mules, sheep, &c. Oil and wine had to be imported, and when the cultivation of the olive began is not known.
The arrangement made by Augustus lasted until the time of Diocletian, when the two Alpine provinces were abolished, and the watershed became the boundary between Italy and Gaul. At this time we find the name Liguria extended as far as Milan, while in the 6th century the old Liguria was separated from it, and under the Lombards formed the fifth Italian province under the name of Alpes Cottiae. In the middle ages the ancient Liguria north of the Apennines fell to Piedmont and Lombardy, while that to the south, with the coast strip, belonged to the republic of Genoa. (T. As.)
Archaeology and Philology.—It is clear that in earlier times the Ligurians occupied a much more extensive area than the Augustan region; for instance Strabo (i. 2, 92; iv. 1, 7) gives earlier authorities for their possession of the land on which the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseilles) was founded; and Thucydides (vi. 2) speaks of a settlement of Ligurians in Spain who expelled the Sicani thence. Southward their domain extended as far as Pisa on the coast of Etruria and Arretium inland in the
- ↑ The dividing line between Liguria and Etruria was the lower course of the river Macra (Magra), so that, while the harbour of Luna was in the former, Luna itself was in the latter.
