at the Cluny and Limoges museums. In England some magnificent examples of his work are to be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the British Museum, and the Wallace Collection. In the collection of Signor Rocchi, in Rome, is an exceptionally interesting plaque representing Frances I. consulting a fortune-teller.
See Léonard Limousin: peintre de portraits (L’Œuvre des peintres émailleurs), by L. Boudery and E. Lachenaud (Paris, 1897)—a careful study, with an elaborate catalogue of the known existing examples of the artist’s work. The book deals almost exclusively with the portraits illustrated. See also Alleaume and Duplessis, Les Douze Apôtres—émaux de Léonard Limousin, &c. (Paris, 1865); L. Boudery, Exposition retrospective de Limoges en 1886 (Limoges, 1886); L. Boudery, Léonard Limousin et son œuvre (Limoges, 1895); Limoges et le Limousin (Limoges, 1865); A. Meyer, L’Art de l’émail de Limoges, ancien et moderne (Paris, 1896); Émile Molinier, L’Émaillerie (Paris, 1891).
LIMOUSIN (Lat. Pagus Lemovicinus, ager Lemovicensis, regio
Lemovicum, Lemozinum, Limosinium, &c.), a former province of
France. In the time of Julius Caesar the pagus Lemovicinus
covered the county now comprised in the departments of Haute-Vienne,
Corrèze and Creuse, with the arrondissements of Confolens
in Charente and Nontron in Dordogne. These limits it retained
until the 10th century, and they survived in those of the diocese
of Limoges (except a small part cut off in 1317 to form that of
Tulle) until 1790. The break-up into great fiefs in the 10th
century, however, tended rapidly to disintegrate the province,
until at the close of the 12th century Limousin embraced only
the viscounties of Limoges, Turenne and Comborn, with a few
ecclesiastical lordships, corresponding roughly to the present
arrondissements of Limoges and Saint Yrien in Haute-Vienne and
part of the arrondissements of Brive, Tulle and Ussel in Corrèze.
In the 17th century Limousin, thus constituted, had become no
more than a small gouvernement.
Limousin takes its name from the Lemovices, a Gallic tribe whose county was included by Augustus in the province of Aquitania Magna. Politically its history has little of separate interest; it shared in general the vicissitudes of Aquitaine, whose dukes from 918 onwards were its over-lords at least till 1264, after which it was sometimes under them, sometimes under the counts of Poitiers, until the French kings succeeded in asserting their direct over-lordship. It was, however, until the 14th century, the centre of a civilization of which the enamelling industry (see Enamel) was only one expression. The Limousin dialect, now a mere patois, was regarded by the troubadours as the purest form of Provençal.
See A. Lerœux, Géographie et histoire du Limousin (Limoges, 1892). Detailed bibliography in Chevalier, Répertoire des sources. Topo-bibliogr. (Montbéliard, 1902), t. ii. s.v.
LIMPOPO, or Crocodile, a river of S.E. Africa over 1000 m.
in length, next to the Zambezi the largest river of Africa entering
the Indian Ocean. Its head streams rise on the northern slopes
of the Witwatersrand less than 300 m. due W. of the sea, but
the river makes a great semicircular sweep across the high
plateau first N.W., then N.E. and finally S.E. It is joined early
in its course by the Marico and Notwani, streams which rise
along the westward continuation of the Witwatersrand, the
ridge forming the water-parting between the Vaal and the
Limpopo basins. For a great part of its course the Limpopo
forms the north-west and north frontiers of the Transvaal. Its
banks are well wooded and present many picturesque views.
In descending the escarpment of the plateau the river passes
through rocky ravines, piercing the Zoutpansberg near the north-east
corner of the Transvaal at the Toli Azimé Falls. In the
low country it receives its chief affluent, the Olifants river
(450 m. long), which, rising in the high veld of the Transvaal
east of the sources of the Limpopo, takes a more direct N.E.
course than the main stream. The Limpopo enters the ocean
in 25° 15′ S. The mouth, about 1000 ft. wide, is obstructed by
sandbanks. In the rainy season the Limpopo loses a good deal
of its water in the swampy region along its lower course. High-water
level is 24 ft. above low-water level, when the depth in
the shallowest part does not exceed 3 ft. The river is navigable
all the year round by shallow-draught vessels from its mouth for
about 100 m., to a spot known as Gungunyana’s Ford. In flood
time there is water communication south with the river Komati
(q.v.). At this season stretches of the Limpopo above Gungunyana’s
Ford are navigable. The river valley is generally
unhealthy.
The basin of the Limpopo includes the northern part of the Transvaal, the eastern portion of Bechuanaland, southern Matabeleland and a large area of Portuguese territory north of Delagoa Bay. Its chief tributary, the Olifants, has been mentioned. Of its many other affluents, the Macloutsie, the Shashi and the Tuli are the most distant north-west feeders. In this direction the Matoppos and other hills of Matabeleland separate the Limpopo basin from the valley of the Zambezi. A little above the Tuli confluence is Rhodes’s Drift, the usual crossing-place from the northern Transvaal into Matabeleland. Among the streams which, flowing north through the Transvaal, join the Limpopo is the Nylstroom, so named by Boers trekking from the south in the belief that they had reached the river Nile. In the coast region the river has one considerable affluent from the north, the Chengane, which is navigable for some distance.
The Limpopo is a river of many names. In its upper course called the Crocodile that name is also applied to the whole river, which figures on old Portuguese maps as the Oori (or Oira) and Bembe. Though claiming the territory through which it ran the Portuguese made no attempt to trace the river. This was first done by Captain J. F. Elton, who in 1870 travelling from the Tati goldfields sought to open a road to the sea via the Limpopo. He voyaged down the river from the Shashi confluence to the Toli Azimé Falls, which he discovered, following the stream thence on foot to the low country. The lower course of the river had been explored 1868–1869 by another British traveller—St Vincent Whitshed Erskine. It was first navigated by a sea-going craft in 1884, when G. A. Chaddock of the British mercantile service succeeded in crossing the bar, while its lower course was accurately surveyed by Portuguese officers in 1895–1896. At the junction of the Lotsani, one of the Bechuanaland affluents, with the Limpopo, are ruins of the period of the Zimbabwes.
LINACRE (or Lynaker), THOMAS (c. 1460–1524), English
humanist and physician, was probably born at Canterbury.
Of his parentage or descent nothing certain is known. He
received his early education at the cathedral school of Canterbury,
then under the direction of William Celling (William Tilly of
Selling), who became prior of Canterbury in 1472. Celling was
an ardent scholar, and one of the earliest in England who
cultivated Greek learning. From him Linacre must have received
his first incentive to this study. Linacre entered Oxford about
the year 1480, and in 1484 was elected a fellow of All Souls’
College. Shortly afterwards he visited Italy in the train of
Celling, who was sent by Henry VIII. as an envoy to the papal
court, and he accompanied his patron as far as Bologna. There
he became the pupil of Angelo Poliziano, and afterwards shared
the instruction which that great scholar imparted at Florence
to the sons of Lorenzo de’ Medici. The younger of these princes
became Pope Leo X., and was in after years mindful of his old
companionship with Linacre. Among his other teachers and
friends in Italy were Demetrius Chalcondylas, Hermolaus
Barbarus, Aldus Romanus the printer of Venice, and Nicolaus
Leonicenus of Vicenza. Linacre took the degree of doctor of
medicine with great distinction at Padua. On his return to
Oxford, full of the learning and imbued with the spirit of the
Italian Renaissance, he formed one of the brilliant circle of
Oxford scholars, including John Colet, William Grocyn and
William Latimer, who are mentioned with so much warm
eulogy in the letters of Erasmus.
Linacre does not appear to have practised or taught medicine in Oxford. About the year 1501 he was called to court as tutor of the young prince Arthur. On the accession of Henry VIII. he was appointed the king’s physician, an office at that time of considerable influence and importance, and practised medicine in London, having among his patients most of the great statesmen and prelates of the time, as Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop Warham and Bishop Fox.
After some years of professional activity, and when in advanced life, Linacre received priest’s orders in 1520, though he had for some years previously held several clerical benefices. There is no doubt that his ordination was connected with his retirement from active life. Literary labours, and the cares of the foundation which owed its existence chiefly to him, the Royal College
