Lindsays held the great mountain district of Crawford in Clydesdale, from which the title of the earldom is derived, from the 12th century till the close of the 15th, when it passed to the Douglas earls of Angus. See Crawford, Earls of.
See A. W. C. Lindsay, afterwards earl of Crawford, Lives of the Lindsays, or a Memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Belcarres (3 vols., 1843 and 1858).
LINDSAY, a town and port of entry of Ontario, Canada, and
capital of Victoria county, on the Scugog river, 57 m. N.E. of
Toronto by rail, on the Canadian Pacific railway, and at the
junction of the Port Hope and Haliburton branches and the
Midland division of the Grand Trunk railway. Pop. (1901) 7003.
It has steamboat communication, by way of the Trent canal,
with Lake Scugog and the ports on the Trent system. It contains
saw and grist mills, agricultural implement and other factories.
LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723–1808), English theologian,
was born in Middlewich, Cheshire, on the 20th of June 1723,
and was educated at the Leeds Free School and at St John’s
College, Cambridge, where in 1747 he became a fellow. For
some time he held a curacy in Spitalfields, London, and from
1734 to 1756 he travelled on the continent of Europe as tutor
to the young duke of Northumberland. He was then presented
to the living of Kirkby-Wiske in Yorkshire, and after exchanging
it for that of Piddletown in Dorsetshire, he removed in 1763 to
Catterick in Yorkshire. Here about 1764 he founded one of the
first Sunday schools in England. Meanwhile he had begun to
entertain anti-Trinitarian views, and to be troubled in conscience
about their inconsistency with the Anglican belief; since 1769
the intimate friendship of Joseph Priestley had served to foster
his scruples, and in 1771 he united with Francis Blackburne,
archdeacon of Cleveland (his father-in-law), John Jebb (1736–1786),
Christopher Wyvill (1740–1822) and Edmund Law (1703–1787),
bishop of Carlisle, in preparing a petition to parliament
with the prayer that clergymen of the church and graduates of
the universities might be relieved from the burden of subscribing
to the thirty-nine articles, and “restored to their undoubted
rights as Protestants of interpreting Scripture for themselves.”
Two hundred and fifty signatures were obtained, but in February
1772 the House of Commons declined even to receive the petition
by a majority of 217 to 71; the adverse vote was repeated in the
following year, and in the end of 1773, seeing no prospect of
obtaining within the church the relief which his conscience
demanded, Lindsey resigned his vicarage. In April 1774 he
began to conduct Unitarian services in a room in Essex Street,
Strand, London, where first a church, and afterwards the Unitarian
offices, were established. Here he remained till 1793,
when he resigned his charge in favour of John Disney (1746–1816),
who like himself had left the established church and had
become his colleague. He died on the 3rd of November 1808.
Lindsey’s chief work is An Historical View of the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship from the Reformation to our own Times (1783); in it he claims, amongst others, Burnet, Tillotson, S. Clarke, Hoadly and Sir I. Newton for the Unitarian view. His other publications include Apology on Resigning the Vicarage of Catterick (1774), and Sequel to the Apology (1776); The Book of Common Prayer reformed according to the plan of the late Dr Samuel Clarke (1774); Dissertations on the Preface to St John’s Gospel and on praying to Jesus Christ (1779); Vindiciae Priestleianae (1788); Conversations upon Christian Idolatry (1792); and Conversations on the Divine Government, showing that everything is from God, and for good to all (1802). Two volumes of Sermons, with appropriate prayers annexed, were published posthumously in 1810; and a volume of Memoirs, by Thomas Belsham, appeared in 1812.
LINDSTRÖM, GUSTAF (1829–1901), Swedish palaeontologist,
was born at Wisby in Gotland on the 27th of August 1829. In
1848 he entered the university at Upsala, and in 1854 he took
his doctor’s degree. Having attended a course of lectures in
Stockholm by S. L. Lovén, he became interested in the zoology
of the Baltic, and published several papers on the invertebrate
fauna, and subsequently on the fishes. In 1856 he became a
school teacher, and in 1858 a master in the grammar school at
Wisby. His leisure was devoted to researches on the fossils of
the Silurian rocks of Gotland, including the corals, brachiopods,
gasteropods, pteropods, cephalopods and crustacea. He described
also remains of the fish Cyathaspis from Wenlock Beds, and
(with T. Thorell) a scorpion Palaeaphonus from Ludlow Beds at
Wisby. He determined the true nature of the operculated coral
Calceola; and while he described organic remains from other
parts of northern Europe, he worked especially at the Palaeozoic
fossils of Sweden. He was awarded the Murchison medal by the
Geological Society of London in 1895. In 1876 he was appointed
keeper of the fossil Invertebrata in the State Museum at Stockholm,
where he died on the 16th of May 1901.
See obituary (with portrait), by F. A. Bather, in Geol. Mag. (July 1901), p. 333.
LINDUS, one of the three chief cities of the island of Rhodes,
before their synoecism in the city of Rhodes. It is situated on the
E. side of the island, and has a finely placed acropolis on a
precipitous hill, and a good natural harbour just N. of it. Recent
excavations have discovered the early temple of Athena Lindia
on the Acropolis, and splendid Propylaea and a staircase, resembling
those at Athens. The sculptors of the Laocoon are among
the priests of Athena Lindia, whose names are recorded by inscriptions.
Some early temples have also been found, and
inscriptions cut on the rock recording the sacrifices known as
Βουκάτια. There are also traces of a theatre and rock-cut tombs.
On the Acropolis is a castle, built by the knights in the 14th
century, and many houses in the town show work of the same
date.
See Rhodes; also Chr. Blinkenberg and K. F. Kinch, Exploration arch. de Rhodes (Copenhagen, 1904–1907).
LINE, a word of which the numerous meanings may be deduced from the primary ones of thread or cord, a succession of objects in a row, a mark or stroke, a course or route in any particular direction. The word is derived from the Lat. linea, where all these meanings may be found, but some applications are due more directly to the Fr. ligne. Linea, in Latin, meant originally
“something made of hemp or flax,” hence a cord or thread,
from linum, flax. “Line” in English was formerly used in the
sense of flax, but the use now only survives in the technical
name for the fibres of flax when separated by heckling from the
tow (see Linen). The ultimate origin is also seen in the verb
“to line,” to cover something on the inside, originally used of the
“lining” of a garment with linen.
In mathematics several definitions of the line may be framed according to the aspect from which it is viewed. The synthetical genesis of a line from the notion of a point is the basis of Euclid’s definition, γραμμὴ, δὲ μῆκος ἀπλατές (“a line is widthless length”), and in a subsequent definition he affirms that the boundaries of a line are points, γραμμῆς δὲ πέρατα σημεῖα. The line appears in definition 6 as the boundary of a surface: ἐπιφανείας δὲ πέρατα γραμμαἰ (“the boundaries of a surface are lines”). Another synthetical definition, also treated by the ancient Greeks, but not by Euclid, regards the line as generated by the motion of a point (ῥύσις σημείου), and, in a similar manner, the “surface” was regarded as the flux of a line, and a “solid” as the flux of a surface. Proclus adopts this view, styling the line ἀρχή in respect of this capacity. Analytical definitions, although not finding a place in the Euclidean treatment, have advantages over the synthetical derivation. Thus the boundaries of a solid may define a plane, the edges a line, and the corners a point; or a section of a solid may define the surface, a section of a surface the line, and the section of a line the “point.” The notion of dimensions follows readily from either system of definitions. The solid extends three ways, i.e. it has length, breadth and thickness, and is therefore three-dimensional; the surface has breadth and length and is therefore two-dimensional; the line has only extension and is unidimensional; and the point, having neither length, breadth nor thickness but only position, has no dimensions.
The definition of a “straight” line is a matter of much complexity. Euclid defines it as the line which lies evenly with respect to the points on itself—εὐθεῖα γραμμή ἐστιν ἥτις ἐξ ἴσου τοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῆς σημείοις κεῖται: Plato defined it as the line having its middle point hidden by the ends, a definition of no purpose since it only defines the line by the path of a ray of
