LOBEIRA, JOÃO (c. 1233–1285), a Portuguese troubadour of the time of King Alphonso III., who is supposed to have been the first to reduce into prose the story of Amadís de Gaula (q.v.). D. Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcellos, in her masterly edition of the Cancioneiro de Ajuda (Halle, 1904, vol. i. pp. 523–524), gives some biographical notes on João Lobeira, who is represented in the Colocci Brancuti Canzoniere (Halle, 1880) by five poems (Nos. 230–235). In number 230, João Lobeira uses the same ritournelle that Oriana sings in Amadis de Gaula, and this has led to his being generally considered by modern supporters of the Portuguese case to have been the author of the romance, in preference to Vasco de Lobeira, to whom the prose original was formerly ascribed. The folklorist A. Thomas Pires (in his Vasco de Lobeira, Elvas, 1905), following the old tradition, would identify the novelist with a man of that name who flourished in Elvas at the close of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, but the documents he publishes contain no reference to this Lobeira being a man of letters.
LOBELIA, the typical genus of the tribe Lobelieae, of the order
Campanulaceae, named after Matthias de Lobel, a native of Lille,
botanist and physician to James I. It numbers about two
hundred species, natives of nearly all the temperate and warmer
regions of the world, excepting central and eastern Europe as
well as western Asia. They are annual or perennial herbs or
under-shrubs, rarely shrubby; remarkable arborescent forms
are the tree-lobelias found at high elevations on the mountains of
tropical Africa. Two species are British, L. Dortmanna (named
by Linnaeus after Dortmann, a Dutch druggist), which occurs
in gravelly mountain lakes; and L. urens, which is only found
on heaths, &c., in Dorset and Cornwall. The genus is distinguished
from Campanula by the irregular corona and completely
united anthers, and by the excessive acridity of the milky juice.
The species earliest described and figured appears to be L.
cardinalis, under the name Trachelium americanum sive cardinalis
planta, “the rich crimson cardinal’s flower”; Parkinson
(Paradisus, 1629, p. 357) says, “it groweth neere the riuer of
Canada, where the French plantation in America is seated.”
It is a native of the eastern United States. This and several
other species are in cultivation as ornamental garden plants,
e.g. the dwarf blue L. Erinus, from the Cape, which, with its
numerous varieties, forms a familiar bedding plant. L. splendens
and L. fulgens, growing from 1 to 2 ft. high, from Mexico, have
scarlet flowers; L. Tupa, a Chilean perennial 6 to 8 ft. high, has
reddish or scarlet flowers; L. tenuior with blue flowers is a recent
acquisition to the greenhouse section, while L. amaena, from
North America, as well as L. syphilitica and its hybrids, from
Virginia, have also blue flowers. The last-named was introduced
in 1665. The hybrids raised by crossing cardinalis, fulgens,
splendens and syphilitica, constitute a fine group of fairly hardy
and showy garden plants. Queen Victoria is a well-known
variety, but there are now many others.
The Lobelia is familiar in gardens under two very different forms, that of the dwarf-tufted plants used for summer bedding, and that of the tall showy perennials. Of the former the best type is L. Erinus, growing from 4 to 6 in. high, with many slender stems, bearing through a long period a profusion of small but bright blue two-lipped flowers. The variety speciosa offers the best strain of the dwarf lobelias; but the varieties are being constantly superseded by new sorts. A good variety will reproduce itself sufficiently true from seed for ordinary flower borders, but to secure exact uniformity it is necessary to propagate from cuttings.
The herbaceous lobelias, of which L. fulgens may be taken as the type, may be called hardy except in so far as they suffer from damp in winter; they throw up a series of short rosette-like suckers round the base of the old flowering stem, and these sometimes, despite all the care taken of them, rot off during winter. The roots should either be taken up in autumn, and planted closely side by side in boxes of dry earth or ashes, these being set for the time they are dormant either in a cold frame or in any airy place in the greenhouse; or they may be left in the ground, in which case a brick or two should be put beside the plants, some coal ashes being first placed round them, and slates to protect the plants being laid over the bricks, one end resting on the earth beyond. About February they should be placed in a warm pit, and after a few days shaken out and the suckers parted, and potted singly into small pots of light rich earth. After being kept in the forcing pit until well established, they should be moved to a more airy greenhouse pit, and eventually to a cold frame preparatory to planting out. In the more favoured parts of the United Kingdom it is unnecessary to go to this trouble, as the plants are perfectly hardy; even in the suburbs of London they live for several years without protection except in very severe winters. They should have a loamy soil, well enriched with manure; and require copious waterings when they start into free growth. They may be raised from seeds, which, being very fine, require to be sown carefully; but they do not flower usually till the second year unless they are sown very early in heat.
The species Lobelia inflata, the “Indian tobacco” of North America, is used in medicine, the entire herb, dried and in flower, being employed. The species derives its specific name from its characteristic inflated capsules. It is somewhat irritant to the nostrils, and is possessed of a burning, acrid taste. The chief constituent is a volatile liquid alkaloid (cf. nicotine) named lobeline, which occurs to the extent of about 30 %. This is a very pungent body, with a tobacco-like odour. It occurs in combination with lobelic acid and forms solid crystalline salts. The single preparation of this plant in the British Pharmacopeia is the Tinctura Lobeliae Ethereae, composed of five parts of spirits of ether to one of lobelia. The dose is 5 to 15 minims. The ether is employed in order to add to the efficacy of the drug in asthma, but a simple alcoholic tincture would be really preferable.
Lobelia has certain pharmacological resemblances to tobacco. It has no action upon the unbroken skin, but may be absorbed by it under suitable conditions. Taken internally in small doses, e.g. 5 minims of the tincture, it stimulates the peristaltic movements of the coecum and colon. In large doses it is a powerful gastrointestinal irritant, closely resembling tobacco, and causing giddiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, purging and extreme prostration, with clammy sweats and faltering rapid pulse. Its action on the circulation is very decided. The cardiac terminals of the vagus nerves are paralysed, the pulse being thus accelerated by loss of the normal inhibitory influence, and the blood-vessels being relaxed owing to paresis of the vasomotor centre. The blood-pressure thus falls very markedly. The respiratory centre is similarly depressed, death ensuing from this action. Lobelia is thus a typical respiratory poison. In less than toxic doses the motor terminals of the vagi in the bronchi and bronchioles are paralysed, thus causing relaxation of the bronchial muscles. It is doubtful whether lobelia affects the cerebrum directly. It is excreted by the kidneys and the skin, both of which it stimulates in its passage. In general terms the drug may be said to stimulate non-striped muscular fibres in small, and paralyse them in toxic doses.
Five minims of the tincture may be usefully prescribed to be taken night and morning in chronic constipation due to inertia of the lower part of the alimentary canal. In spasmodic (neurotic) asthma, and also in bronchitis accompanied by asthmatic spasm of the bronchioles, the tincture may be given in comparatively large doses (e.g. one drachm) every fifteen minutes until nausea is produced. Thereafter, whether successful or not in relieving the spasm, the administration of the drug must be stopped.
LOBENSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the principality of
Reuss, on the Lemnitz, situated in a pleasant and fertile country,
25 m. N.W. from Hof by railway. Pop. (1905) 2990. The town,
grouped round a rock, upon which stand the ruins of the old
castle, is exceedingly picturesque. It contains a spacious parish
church, a palace, until 1824 the residence of the princes of
Reuss-Lobenstein-Elersdorf, and a hydropathic establishment.
The manufactures include dyeing, brewing and cigar-making.
See Zedler and Schott, Führer durch Lobenstein und Umgebung (2nd ed., Lobenstein, 1903).
LOBO, FRANCISCO RODRIGUES (?1575–?1627), Portuguese
bucolic writer, a lineal descendant in the family of letters of
Bernardim Ribeiro and Christovam Falcão. All we know of
his life is that he was born of rich and noble parents at Leiria,
and lived at ease in its picturesque neighbourhood, reading
philosophy and poetry and writing of shepherds and shepherdesses
by the rivers Liz and Lena. He studied at the university of
Coimbra and took the degree of licentiate about 1600. He visited
Lisbon from time to time, and tradition has it that he died by
drowning on his way thither as he was descending the Tagus
from Santarem. Though his first book, a little volume of verses
(Romances) published in 1596, and his last, a rhymed welcome
to King Philip III., published in 1623, are written in Spanish,
he composed his eclogues and prose pastorals entirely in Portuguese,
and thereby did a rare service to his country at a time
when, owing to the Spanish domination, Castilian was the
language preferred by polite society and by men of letters.
His Primavera, a book that may be compared to the Diana of
Jorge de Montemôr (Montemayor), appeared in 1601, its second
part, the Pastor Peregrino, in 1608, and its third, the Desenganado,
