elected patriarch of Alexandria, and in 1621 patriarch of Constantinople. He was the first great name in the Orthodox Eastern Church since 1453, and dominates its history in the 17th century. The great aim of his life was to reform the church on Calvinistic lines, and to this end he sent many young Greek theologians to the universities of Switzerland, Holland and England. In 1629 he published his famous Confessio, Calvinistic in doctrine, but as far as possible accommodated to the language and creeds of the Orthodox Church. It appeared the same year in two Latin editions, four French, one German and one English, and in the Eastern Church started a controversy which culminated in 1691 in the convocation by Dositheos, patriarch of Jerusalem, of a synod by which the Calvinistic doctrines were condemned. Lucaris was several times temporarily deposed and banished at the instigation of his orthodox opponents and of the Jesuits, who were his bitterest enemies. Finally, when Sultan Murad was about to set out for the Persian War, the patriarch was accused of a design to stir up the Cossacks, and to avoid trouble during his absence the sultan had him killed by the Janissaries (June 1637). His body was thrown into the sea, recovered and buried at a distance from the capital by his friends, and only brought back to Constantinople after many years.
The orthodoxy of Lucaris himself continued to be a matter of debate in the Eastern Church, even Dositheos, in view of the reputation of the great patriarch, thinking it expedient to gloss over his heterodoxy in the interests of the Church.
See the article “Lukaris” by Ph. Meyer in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklop. (3rd ed., Leipzig, 1902), which gives further authorities.
LUCARNE, a French architectural term for a garret window,
also for the lights or small windows in spires.
LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648), English soldier, was the son
of Sir Thomas Lucas of Colchester, Essex. As a young man
he saw service in the Netherlands under the command of his
brother, and in the “Bishops’ War” he commanded a troop
of horse in King Charles I.’s army. In 1639 he was made a knight.
At the outbreak of the Civil War Lucas naturally took the king’s
side, and at the first cavalry fight, Powick Bridge, he was wounded.
Early in 1643 he raised a regiment of horse, with which he
defeated Middleton at Padbury on July 1st. In January 1644
he commanded the forces attacking Nottingham, and soon
afterwards, on Prince Rupert’s recommendation, he was made
lieutenant-general of Newcastle’s Northern army. When Newcastle
was shut up in York, Lucas and the cavalry remained
in the open country, and when Rupert’s relieving army crossed
the mountains into Yorkshire he was quickly joined by Newcastle’s
squadrons. At Marston Moor Lucas swept Fairfax’s
Yorkshire horse before him, but later in the day he was taken
prisoner. Exchanged during the winter, he defended Berkeley
Castle for a short time against Rainsborough, but was soon in
the field again. As lieutenant-general of all the horse he
accompanied Lord Astley in the last campaign of the first war,
and, taken prisoner at Stow-on-the-Wold, he engaged not to
bear arms against parliament in the future. This parole he must
be held to have broken when he took a prominent part in the
seizure of Colchester in 1648. That place was soon invested,
and finally fell, after a desperate resistance, to Fairfax’s army.
The superior officers had to surrender “at mercy,” and Lucas
and Sir George Lisle were immediately tried by court martial
and sentenced to death. The two Royalists were shot the same
evening in the Castle of Colchester.
See Lloyd, Memoirs of Excellent Personages (1669); and Earl de Grey, A Memoir of the Life of Sir Charles Lucas (1845).
LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771), Irish physician and politician,
was the son of a country gentleman of small means in Co.
Clare. Charles opened a small business as an apothecary in
Dublin, and between 1735 and 1741 he began his career as a
pamphleteer by publishing papers on professional matters
which led to legislation requiring inspection of drugs. Having
been elected a member of the common council of Dublin in 1741
he detected and exposed encroachments by the aldermen on the
electoral rights of the citizens, and entered upon a controversy
on the subject, but failed in legal proceedings against the aldermen
in 1744. With a view to becoming a parliamentary candidate
for the city of Dublin he issued in 1748–1749 a series of
political addresses in which he advocated the principles of
Molyneux and Swift; and he made himself so obnoxious to the
government that the House of Commons voted him an enemy
to the country, and issued a proclamation for his arrest, thus
compelling him to retire for some years to the continent. Having
studied medicine at Paris, Lucas took the degree of M.D. at
Leiden in 1752. In the following year he started practice as
a physician in London, and in 1756 he published a work on
medicinal waters, the properties of which he had studied on the
continent and at Bath. The essay was reviewed by Dr Johnson,
and although it was resented by the medical profession it gained
a reputation and a considerable practice for its author. In 1760
he renewed his political pamphleteering; and having obtained
a pardon from George III., he proceeded to Dublin, where he
received a popular welcome and a Doctor’s degree from Trinity
College. He was elected member for the city of Dublin in 1761,
his colleague in the representation being the recorder, Henry
Grattan’s father. On the appointment of Lord Halifax as lord
lieutenant in the same year Lucas wrote him a long letter
(19th of Sept. 1761, MSS. Irish State Paper Office) setting forth
the grievances which Ireland had suffered in the past, chiefly
on account of the exorbitant pensions enjoyed by government
officials. The cause of these evils he declared to be the unrepresentative
character of the Irish constitution; and among
the remedies he proposed was the shortening of parliaments.
Lucas brought in a bill in his first session to effect this reform,
but was defeated on the motion to have the bill sent to England
for approval by the privy council; and he insisted upon the
independent rights of the Irish parliament, which were afterwards
in fuller measure successfully vindicated by Grattan.
He also defended the privileges of the Irish Protestants in the
press, and especially in the Freeman’s Journal, founded in 1763.
His contributions to the press, and his Addresses to the Lord
Mayor and other political pamphlets made him one of the most
popular writers in Ireland of his time, although he was anti-catholic
in his prejudices, and although, as Lecky observes,
“there is nothing in his remains to show that he possessed any
real superiority either of intellect or knowledge, or even any
remarkable brilliancy of expression.” He died on the 4th of
November 1771, and was accorded a public funeral. As an orator
Charles Lucas appears to have had little power, and he made
no mark in the House of Commons.
See R. R. Madden, Hist. of Irish Periodical Literature from the End of the 17th to the Middle of the 19th Century (2 vols., London, 1867); Francis Hardy, Memoirs of the Earl of Charlemont (2 vols., London, 1812); W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vols. i. and ii. (5 vols., London, 1892).
LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– ), English painter, was
born in London, and was a student in the Royal Academy
Schools. He was elected an associate of the academy in 1886
and academician in 1898, and became a constant exhibitor of
pictures of historical and domestic incidents, notably of the
Tudor and Stuart periods, painted with much skill and with
close attention to detail. One of his most important works is
a panel in the Royal Exchange, presented by the corporation
of London, representing William the Conqueror granting the
first charter to the city; and one of his earlier pictures, “After
Culloden: Rebel Hunting,” is in the National Gallery of British
Art.
LUCAS VAN LEYDEN (c. 1494–1533), Dutch painter, was born
at Leiden, where his father Huig Jacobsz gave him the first
lessons in art. He then entered the painting-room of Cornelis
Engelbrechtszen of Leiden, and soon became known for his
capacity in making designs for glass, engraving copper-plates,
painting pictures, portraits and landscapes in oil and distemper.
According to van Mander he was born in 1494, and painted at
the age of twelve a “Legend of St Hubert” for which he was
paid a dozen florins. He was only fourteen when he finished
a plate representing Mahomet taking the life of Sergius, the
monk, and at fifteen he produced a series of nine plates for a
“Passion,” a “Temptation of St Anthony,” and a “Conversion
