Khons, was erected by Amenophis III. The great colonnade, which is its most striking feature, was apparently intended for the nave of a hypostyle hall like that of Karnak, but had to be hastily finished without the aisles. After the heresy of Amenophis IV. (Akhenaton), the decoration of this incomplete work was taken in hand by Tutenkhamun and Haremhib. The axis of the temple ran from S.W. to N.E.; a long paved road bordered by recumbent rams led from the façade to the temples of Karnak (q.v.) in a somewhat more easterly direction, and Rameses II. adopted the line of this avenue in adding an extensive court to the work of Amenophis, producing a curious change of axis. He embellished the walls and pylons of his court with scenes from his victories over Hittites and Syrians, and placed a number of colossal statues within it. In front of the pylon Rameses set up colossi and a pair of obelisks (one of which was taken to Paris in 1831 and re-erected in the Place de la Concorde). A few scenes and inscriptions were added by later kings, but the above is practically the history of the temple until Alexander the Great rebuilt the sanctuary itself. The chief religious festival of Thebes was that of “Southern Opi,” the ancient name of Luxor. The sacred barks of the divinities preserved in the sanctuary of Karnak were then conveyed in procession by water to Luxor and back again; a representation of the festal scenes is given on the walls of the great colonnade. The Christians built churches within the temple. The greater part of the old village of Luxor lay inside the courts: it was known also as Abu ’l Haggag from a Moslem saint of the 7th century, whose tomb-mosque, mentioned by Ibn Batuta, stands on a high heap of débris in the court of Rameses. This is the last of the buildings and rubbish which encumbered the temple before the expropriation and clearances by the Service des Antiquités began in 1885. The principal street of Luxor follows the line of the ancient avenue.
See G. Daressy, Notice explicative des ruines du temple de Louxor (Cairo, 1893); Baedeker’s Egypt. (F. Ll. G.)
LUXORIUS, Roman writer of epigrams, lived in Africa during
the reigns of the Vandal kings Thrasamund, Hilderic and
Gelimer (A.D. 496–534). He speaks of his poor circumstances,
but from the superscription clarissimus and spectabilis in one
MS., he seems to have held a high official position. About a
hundred epigrams by him in various metres (the elegiac predominating)
have been preserved. They are after the manner of
Martial, and many of them are coarse. They deal chiefly with
the games of the circus and works of art, and the language shows
the author to have been well acquainted with the legends and
antiquities of the classical period of Rome.
Luxorius also wrote on grammatical subjects (see R. Ellis in Journal of Philology, viii., 1879). The epigrams are contained in the Anthologia Latina, edited by F. Bücheler and A. Riese (1894).
LUYNES, a territorial name belonging to a noble French
house. The family of Albert, which sprang from Thomas
Alberti (d. 1455), seigneur de Boussargues, bailli of Viviers and
Valence, and viguier of Bagnols and Pont St Esprit in Languedoc,
acquired the estate of Luynes (dep. of Indre-et-Loire) in the
16th century. Honoré d’Albert (d. 1592), seigneur de Luynes,
was in the service of the three last Valois kings and of Henry IV.,
and became colonel of the French bands, commissary of artillery
in Languedoc and governor of Beaucaire. He had three sons:
Charles (1578–1621), first duke of Luynes, and favourite of
Louis XIII.; Honoré (1581–1649), seigneur de Cadenet, who
married Charlotte Eugénie d’Ailly, countess of Chaulnes, in 1619,
and was created duke of Chaulnes in 1621; and Léon, seigneur
de Brantes, who became duke of Luxemburg-Piney by his
marriage in 1620 with Margaret Charlotte of Luxemburg.
By her marriage with Claude of Lorraine, duke of Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan, the widow of the first duke of Luynes, acquired in 1655 the duchy of Chevreuse, which she gave in 1663 to Louis Charles d’Albert, her son by her first husband; and from that time the title of duke of Chevreuse and duke of Luynes was borne by the eldest sons of the family of Luynes, which also inherited the title of duke of Chaulnes on the extinction of the descendants of Honoré d’Albert in 1698. The branch of the dukes of Luxemburg-Piney became extinct in 1697.
Charles (1578–1621), the first duke of Luynes, was brought up at court and attended the dauphin, who later became Louis XIII. The king shared his fondness for hunting and rapidly advanced him in favour. In 1615 he was appointed commander of the Louvre and counsellor, and the following year grand falconer of France. He used his influence over the king in the court intrigues against the queen-mother Marie de Medici and her favourite Concini. It was Luynes who, with Vitry, captain of the guard, arranged the plot that ended in Concini’s assassination (1617) and secured all the latter’s possessions in Italy and France. In the same year he was appointed captain of the Bastille and lieutenant-general of Normandy, and married Marie de Rohan, daughter of the duke of Montbazon. He employed extreme measures against the pamphleteers of the time, but sought peace in Italy and with the Protestants. In 1619 he negotiated the treaty of Angoulême by which Marie de Medici was accorded complete liberty. He was made governor of Picardy in 1619; suppressed an uprising of nobles in 1620; and in 1621, with slight military ability or achievement, was appointed constable of France. His rapid rise to power made him a host of enemies, who looked upon him as but a second Concini. In order to justify his newly-won laurels, Luynes undertook an expedition against the Protestants, but died of a fever in the midst of the campaign, at Longueville in Guienne, on the 15th of December 1621.
His brother Honoré (1581–1649), first duke of Chaulnes, was governor of Picardy and marshal of France (1619), and defended his province successfully in 1625 and 1635. Louis Auguste d’Albert d’Ailly (1676–1744), duke of Chaulnes, also became marshal of France (1741). Louis Joseph d’Albert de Luynes (1670–1750), prince of Grimberghen, was in the service of the emperor Charles VII., and became field-marshal and ambassador in France.
Several members of the family of Albert were distinguished in letters and science. Louis Charles d’Albert (1620–1690), duke of Luynes, son of the constable, was an ascetic writer and friend of the Jansenists; Paul d’Albert de Luynes (1703–1788), cardinal and archbishop of Sens, an astronomer; Michel Ferdinand d’Albert d’Ailly (1714–1769), duke of Chaulnes, a writer on mathematical instruments, and his son Marie Joseph Louis (1741–1793), a chemist; and Honoré Théodore Paul Joseph (1802–1867), duke of Luynes, a writer on archaeology.
For the first duke see Recueil des pièces les plus curieuses qui ont esté faites pendant le règne du connestable M. de Luynes (2nd ed., 1624); Le Vassor, Histoire de Louis XIII. (Paris, 1757); Griffet, Histoire du règne de Louis XIII., roi de France et de Navarre (Paris, 1758); V. Cousin, “Le Duc et connétable de Luynes,” in Journal des savants (1861–1863); B. Zeller, Études critiques sur le règne de Louis XIII.: le connétable de Luynes, Montauban et la Valteline (Paris, 1879); E. Pavie, La Guerre entre Louis XIII. et Marie de Médicis (Paris, 1899); Lavisse, Histoire de France, vi.2, 141-216 (Paris, 1905).
LUZÁN CLARAMUNT DE SUELVES Y GURREA, IGNACIO
(1702–1754), Spanish critic and poet, was born at Saragossa on
the 28th of March 1702. His youth was passed under the care
of his uncle, and, after studying at Milan, he graduated in
philosophy at the university of Catania. In 1723 he took minor
orders, but abandoned his intention of entering the church and
took up his residence at Naples, where he read assiduously.
Business took him to Spain in 1733, and he became known in
Madrid as a scholar with a tendency towards innovations in
literature. La Poética, ó Reglas de la poesía en general y de sus
principales especies (1737) proved that this impression was
correct. He at once took rank as the leader of the literary
reformers, and his courteous determination earned him the
respect of his opponents. In 1747 he was appointed secretary to
the Spanish embassy in Paris and, on returning to Madrid in
1750, was elected to the “Academia Poética del Buen Gusto,”
where, on account of his travels, he was known by the sobriquet
of El Peregrino. He became master of the mint and treasurer of
the royal library. He died at Madrid, after a short illness, on
the 19th of May 1754. Luzán was not the pioneer of Franco-Italian
theories in Spain, but he was their most powerful
