1858); Shakespeare’s Euphuism, by W. L. Rushton; H. Morley,
“Euphuism” in the Quarterly Review (1861); R. W. Bond,
“John Lyly, Novelist and Dramatist,” in the Quarterly Review
(Jan. 1896); J. A. Symonds, Shakespeare’s Predecessors (1883);
J. D. Wilson, John Lyly (Cambridge, 1905); A. Ainger, “Euphuism,”
in Lectures and Essays (1905); and Albert Feuillerat, John Lyly.
Contribution à l’histoire de la Renaissance en Angleterre (1910).
LYME REGIS, a market town and municipal borough and
watering-place in the western parliamentary division of Dorsetshire,
England, 151 m. W.S.W. of London by the London & South
Western railway, the terminus of a light railway from Axminster.
Pop. (1901) 2095. It is situated at the mouth of a narrow combe
or valley opening upon a fine precipitous coast-line; there is a
sandy shore affording excellent bathing, and the country inland is
beautiful. The church of St Michael and All Angels is mainly
Perpendicular, but the tower (formerly central) and the portion
west of it are Norman. A guildhall and assembly rooms are the
chief public buildings. The principal industries are stone-quarrying
and the manufacture of cement. There is a curved
pier of ancient foundation known as the Cobb. The harbour,
with a small coasting trade, is under the authority of the corporation.
The borough is under a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12
councillors. Area, 1237 acres.
No evidence of settlement on the site of Lyme Regis exists before that afforded by a grant, dated 774, purporting to be by Cynewulf, king of the West-Saxons, of land here to the church of Sherborne, and a similar grant by King Æthelstan to the church of Glastonbury. In 1086 three manors of Lyme are mentioned: that belonging to Sherborne abbey, which was granted at the dissolution to Thomas Goodwin, who alienated it in the following year; that belonging to Glastonbury, which seems to have passed into lay lands during the middle ages, and that belonging to William Belet. The last was acquired by the family of Bayeux, from whom it passed by marriage to Elias de Rabayne, whose nephew, Peter Baudrat, surrendered it to the crown in 1315–1316 when the king became lord of one moiety of the borough, henceforth known as Lyme Regis. Lyme ranked as a port in 1234, and Edward I. in 1284 granted to the town a charter making it a free borough, with a merchant gild, and in the same year the mayor and bailiffs are mentioned. In the following January the bailiffs were given freedom from pleading without the borough, freedom from toll and privileges implying considerable foreign trade; the importance of the port is also evident from the demand of two ships for the king’s service in 1311. In 1332–1333 Edward III. granted Lyme to the burgesses at a fee-farm of 32 marks; on the petition of the inhabitants, who were impoverished by tempests and high tides, this was reduced to 100 shillings in 1410 and to 5 marks in 1481. In 1591 Elizabeth incorporated Lyme, and further charters were obtained from James I., Charles II. and William III. Lyme returned two members to parliament from 1295 to 1832 when the representation was reduced to one. The borough was disfranchised in 1867. The fairs granted in 1553 for the 1st of February and the 20th of September are now held on altered dates. Trade with France in wine and cloth was carried on as early as 1284, but was probably much increased on the erection of the Cobb, first mentioned in 1328 as built of timber and rock. Its medieval importance as the only shelter between Portland Roads and the river Exe caused the burgesses to receive grants of quayage for its maintenance in 1335 and many subsequent years, while its convenience probably did much to bring upon Lyme the unsuccessful siege by Prince Maurice in 1644. In 1685 Lyme was the scene of the landing of James, duke of Monmouth, in his attempt upon the throne.
LYMINGTON, a municipal borough and seaport in the New
Forest parliamentary division of Hampshire, England, 98 m.
S.W. from London by the London & South Western railway.
Pop. (1901) 4165. It lies on the estuary of the Lymington,
which opens into the Solent. The church of St Thomas à Becket
is an irregular structure, dating from the reign of Henry VI.,
but frequently restored. There is some coasting trade, and
yacht-building is carried on. Regular passenger steamers serve
Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. In summer the town is frequented
for sea-bathing. It is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen
and 12 councillors. Area, 1515 acres.
There was a Roman camp near Lymington (Lentune, Lementon), and Roman relics have been found, but there is no evidence that a town existed here until after the Conquest. Lymington dates its importance from the grant of the town to Richard de Redvers, earl of Devon, in the reign of Henry I. No charter has been found, but a judgment given under a writ of quo warranto in 1578 confirms to the burgesses freedom from toll, passage and pontage, the tolls and stallage of the quay and the right to hold two fairs—privileges which they claimed under charters of Baldwin de Redvers and Isabel de Fortibus, countess of Albemarle, in the 13th century, and Edward Courtenay, earl of Devon, in 1405. The town was governed by the mayor and burgesses until the corporation was reformed in 1835. A writ for the election of a member to parliament was issued in the reign of Edward III., but no return was made. From 1585 two members were regularly returned; the number was reduced to one in 1867, and in 1885 the representation was merged in that of the county. Fairs on the 13th and 14th of May and the 2nd and 3rd of October, dating from the 13th century, are still held. The Saturday market probably dates from the same century. Lymington was made a port in the reign of Henry I., and its large shipping trade led to frequent disputes with Southampton as to the levying of duties. The case was tried in 1329 and decided against Lymington, but in 1750 the judgment was reversed, and since then the petty customs have been regularly paid. From an early date and for many centuries salt was the staple manufacture of Lymington. The rise of the mineral saltworks of Cheshire led to its decline in the 18th century, and later the renewed importance of Southampton completed its decay.
See E. King, Borough and Parish of Lymington (London, 1879).
LYMPH and LYMPH FORMATION. Lying close to the
blood-vessels of a limb or organ a further set of vessels may be
observed. They are very pale in colour, often almost transparent
and very thin-walled. Hence they are frequently difficult
to find and dissect. These are the lymphatic vessels, and they
are found to be returning a fluid from the tissues to the bloodstream.
When traced back to the tissues they are seen to divide
and ultimately to form minute anastomosing tubules, the lymph
capillaries. The capillaries finally terminate in the spaces
between the structures of the tissue, but whether their free ends
are closed or are in open communication with the tissue spaces
is still undecided. The study of their development shows that
they grow into the tissue as a closed system of minute tubes,
which indicates that in all probability they remain permanently
closed. If we trace the lymphatic vessels towards the thorax we find
that in some part of their course they terminate in structures
known as lymphatic glands. From these again fresh lymphatic
vessels arise which carry the fluid towards the main lymph-vessel,
the thoracic duct. This runs up the posterior wall of the
thorax close to the aorta, and finally opens into the junction of
the internal jugular and left subclavian veins. The lymph-vessels
from the right side of the head and neck and from the
right arm open, however, into the right subclavian vein (see Lymphatic System below).
Chemical Constitution of Lymph.—The lymph collected from the thoracic duct during hunger is almost water clear and yellowish in colour. Its specific gravity varies from 1015 to 1025. It tastes salt and has a faint odour. It is alkaline in reaction, but is much less alkaline than blood-serum. Like blood it clots, but clots badly, only forming a soft clot which quickly contracts. The lymph collected from a lymphatic before it has passed through a lymph gland contains a few leucocytes, and though the number of lymphocytes is greater in the lymph after it has flowed through a gland it is never very great. In normal states there are no red blood corpuscles.
The total solids amount to 3.6 to 5.7%, the variations depending upon the amount of protein present. The lymph during hunger contains only a minute quantity of fat. Sugar (dextrose) is present in the same concentration as in the blood. The inorganic constituents are the same as in blood, but
