market is included among the privileges confirmed to the borough as those which had been granted in 1605, or by any previous kings and queens of England. The charter of Elizabeth in 1595 granted an annual fair in June, and this was supplemented by Charles II. in 1684 by a grant of fairs in April and September. Except during the three winter months fairs are now held monthly, the chief being “Barnaby” in June, when the town keeps a week’s holiday. Macclesfield borough sent two members to parliament in 1832 for the first time. In 1880 it was disfranchised for bribery, and in 1885 the borough was merged in the county division of Macclesfield. The manufacture of silk-covered buttons began in the 16th century, and flourished until the early 18th. The first silk mill was erected about 1755, and silk manufacture on a large scale was introduced about 1790. The manufacture of cotton began in Macclesfield about 1785.
See J. Corry, History of Macclesfield (1817).
M‘CLINTOCK, SIR FRANCIS LEOPOLD (1819–1907), British
naval officer and Arctic explorer, was born at Dundalk, Ireland,
on the 8th of July 1819, of a family of Scottish origin. In 1831
he entered the royal navy, joining the “Samarang” frigate,
Captain Charles Paget. In 1843 he passed his examination for
lieutenancy and joined the “Gorgon” steamship, Captain
Charles Hotham, which was driven ashore at Montevideo and
salved, a feat of seamanship on the part of her captain and officers
which attracted much attention. Hitherto, and until 1847,
M‘Clintock’s service was almost wholly on the American coasts,
but in 1848 he joined the Arctic expedition under Sir James Ross
in search of Sir John Franklin’s ships, as second lieutenant of
the “Enterprise.” In the second search expedition (1850) he
was first lieutenant of the “Assistance,” and in the third (1854)
he commanded the “Intrepid.” On all these expeditions
M‘Clintock carried out brilliant sleigh journeys, and gained
recognition as one of the highest authorities on Arctic travel.
The direction which the search should follow had at last been
learnt from the Eskimo, and M‘Clintock accepted the command
of the expedition on board the “Fox,” fitted out by Lady
Franklin in 1857, which succeeded in its object in 1859 (see
Franklin, Sir John). For this expedition M‘Clintock had
obtained leave of absence, but the time occupied was afterwards
counted in his service. He was knighted and received many other
honours on his return. Active service now occupied him in
various tasks, including the important one of sounding in the
north Atlantic, in connexion with a scheme for a north Atlantic
cable route, until 1868. In that year he became naval aide-de-camp
to Queen Victoria. In 1865 he had been elected a fellow
of the Royal Society. He unsuccessfully contested a seat in
parliament for the borough of Drogheda, where he made the
acquaintance of Annette Elizabeth, daughter of R. F. Dunlop
of Monasterboice; he married her in 1870. He became vice-admiral
in 1877, and commander-in-chief on the West Indian
and North American station in 1879. In 1882 he was elected
an Elder Brother of Trinity House, and served actively in that
capacity. In 1891 he was created K.C.B. He was one of the
principal advisers in the preparations for the Antarctic voyage
of the “Discovery” under Captain Scott. His book, The Voyage
of the “Fox” in the Arctic Seas, was first published in 1859,
and passed through several editions. He died on the 17th of
November 1907.
See Sir C. R. Markham, Life of Admiral Sir Leopold M‘Clintock (1909).
McCLINTOCK, JOHN (1814–1870), American Methodist
Episcopal theologian and educationalist, was born in Philadelphia
on the 27th of October 1814. He graduated at the
university of Pennsylvania in 1835, and was assistant professor
of mathematics (1836–1837), professor of mathematics (1837–1840),
and professor of Latin and Greek (1840–1848) in Dickinson
College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He opposed the Mexican War
and slavery, and in 1847 was arrested on the charge of instigating
a riot, which resulted in the rescue of several fugitive slaves;
his trial, in which he was acquitted, attracted wide attention.
In 1848–1856 he edited The Methodist Quarterly Review (after
1885 The Methodist Review); from 1857 to 1860 he was pastor
of St Paul’s (Methodist Episcopal) Church, New York City;
and in 1860–1864 he had charge of the American chapel in Paris,
and there and in London did much to turn public opinion in
favour of the Northern States. In 1865–1866 he was chairman
of the central committee for the celebration of the centenary
of American Methodism. He retired from the regular ministry
in 1865, but preached in New Brunswick, New Jersey, until
the spring of 1867, and in that year, at the wish of its founder,
Daniel Drew, became president of the newly established Drew
theological seminary at Madison, New Jersey, where he died
on the 4th of March 1870. A great preacher, orator and teacher,
and a remarkably versatile scholar, McClintock by his editorial
and educational work probably did more than any other man
to raise the intellectual tone of American Methodism, and, particularly,
of the American Methodist clergy. He introduced to
his denomination the scholarly methods of the new German
theology of the day—not alone by his translation with Charles E.
Blumenthal of Neander’s Life of Christ (1847), and of Bungener’s
History of the Council of Trent (1855), but by his great project,
McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological
and Ecclesiastical Literature (10 vols., 1867–1881; Supplement,
2 vols., 1885–1887), in the editing of which he was associated with
Dr James Strong (1822–1894), professor of exegetical theology
in the Drew Theological Seminary from 1868 to 1893, and the
sole editor of the last six volumes of the Cyclopaedia and of
the supplement. With George Richard Crooks (1822–1897), his
colleague at Dickinson College and in 1880–1897 professor of
historical theology at Drew Seminary, McClintock edited several
elementary textbooks in Latin and Greek (of which some were
republished in Spanish), based on the pedagogical principle of
“imitation and constant repetition.” Among McClintock’s
other publications are: Sketches of Eminent Methodist Ministers
(1863); an edition of Richard Watson’s Theological Institutes
(1851); and The Life and Letters of Rev. Stephen Olin (1854).
See G. R. Crooks, Life and Letters of the Rev. Dr John McClintock (New York, 1876).
McCLOSKEY, JOHN (1810–1885), American cardinal, was
born in Brooklyn, New York, on the 20th of March 1810. He
graduated at Mt St Mary’s College, Emmitsburg, Maryland, in
1827, studied theology there, was ordained a priest in 1834, and
in 1837, after two years in the college of the Propaganda at Rome,
became rector of St Joseph’s, New York City, a charge to which
he returned in 1842 after one year’s presidency of St John’s
College (afterwards Fordham University), Fordham, New York,
then just opened. In 1844 he was consecrated bishop of
Axieren in partibus, and was made coadjutor to Bishop Hughes
of New York with the right of succession; in 1847 he became
bishop of the newly created see of Albany; and in 1864 he
succeeded to the archdiocese of New York, then including New
York, New Jersey, and New England. In April 1875 he was
invested as a cardinal, with the title of Sancta Maria supra
Minervam, being the first American citizen to receive this
dignity. He attended the conclave of 1878, but was too late
to vote for the new pope. In May 1879 he dedicated St Patrick’s
Cathedral in New York City, whose corner-stone had been laid
by Archbishop Hughes in 1858. Archbishop Corrigan became
his coadjutor in 1880 because of the failure of McCloskey’s
always delicate health. The fiftieth anniversary of his ordination
to the priesthood was celebrated in 1884. He died in
New York City on the 10th of October 1885. He was a scholar,
a preacher, and a man of affairs, temperamentally quiet and
dignified; and his administration differed radically from that
of Archbishop Hughes; he was conciliatory rather than polemic
and controversial, and not only built up the Roman Catholic
Church materially, but greatly changed the tone of public
opinion in his diocese toward the Church.
M‘CLURE, SIR ROBERT JOHN LE MESURIER (1807–1873),
English Arctic explorer, born at Wexford, in Ireland, on the
28th of January 1807, was the posthumous son of one of Abercrombie’s
captains and spent his childhood under the care of
his godfather, General Le Mesurier, governor of Alderney, by
