and was elected life senator in 1878, but he left no mark as a politician. He died in Paris on the 14th of December 1883.
Among his minor works may be mentioned:—De la France, de son génie et de ses destinées (1847); Daniel Manin (1860), La Russie et l’Europe (1866); Études d’archéologie celtique (1872); Les Napoléon et les frontières de la France (1874). See his biography by Gabriel Hanotaux, Henri Martin; sa vie, ses œuvres, son temps (1885).
MARTIN, CLAUD (1735–1800), French adventurer and officer
in the army of the English East India Company, was born at
Lyons on the 4th of January 1735, the son of a cooper. He
went out to India in 1751 to serve under Dupleix and Lally
in the Carnatic wars. When Pondicherry fell in 1761, he seems,
like others of his countrymen, to have accepted service in the
Bengal army of the English, obtaining an ensign’s commission
in 1763, and steadily rising to the rank of major-general. He was
employed on the building of the new Fort William at Calcutta,
and afterwards on the survey of Bengal under Rennell. In
1776 he was allowed to accept the appointment of superintendent
of the arsenal of the nawab of Oudh at Lucknow, retaining his
rank but being ultimately placed on half pay. He acquired
a large fortune, and on his death (Sept. 13, 1800) he bequeathed
his residuary estate to found institutions for the education
of European children at Lucknow, Calcutta and Lyons, all
known by the name of “La Martinière.” That at Lucknow
is the best known. It was housed in the palace that he had
built called Constantia, which, though damaged during the
Mutiny, retains many personal memorials of its founder.
See S. C. Hill, The Life of Claud Martin (Calcutta, 1901).
MARTIN, FRANÇOIS XAVIER (1762–1846), American jurist
and author, was born in Marseilles, France, on the 17th of March
1762, of Provençal descent. In 1780 he went to Martinique,
and before the close of the American war of Independence
went to North Carolina, where (in New Bern) he taught French
and learnt English, and set up as a printer. He studied law,
and was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1789. He
published various legal books, and edited Acts of the North
Carolina Assembly from 1715 to 1803 (2nd ed., 1809). He
was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly
in 1806–1807. In 1809 he was commissioned a judge of the
superior court of the territory of Mississippi, and in March
1810 became judge of the superior court of the territory of
Orleans. Here the law was in a chaotic condition, what with
French law before O’Reilly’s rule, then a Spanish code, and in
1808 the Digest of the Civil Laws, an adaptation by James
Brown and Moreau Lislet of the code of Napoleon, which
repealed the Spanish fueros, partidas, recopilationes and
laws of the Indies only as they conflicted with its provisions.
Martin published in 1811 and 1813 reports of cases decided by
the superior court of the territory of Orleans. For two years
from February 1813 Martin was attorney-general of the
newly established state of Louisiana, and then until March 1846
was a judge and (from 1836 to 1846) presiding judge of the
supreme court of the state. For the period until 1830 he
published reports of the decisions of the supreme court; and in
1816 he published two volumes, one French and one English, of
A General Digest of the Acts of Legislatures of the Late Territory
of Orleans and of the State of Louisiana. He won the name of
the “father of Louisiana jurisprudence” and his work was of
great assistance to Edward Livingston, Pierre Derbigny and
Moreau Lislet in the Louisiana codification of 1821–1826.
Martin’s eyesight had begun to fail when he was seventy, and
after 1836 he could no longer write opinions with his own hand.[1]
He died in New Orleans on the 11th of December 1846.
Martin translated Robert J. Pothier On Obligations (1802), and wrote The History of Louisiana from the Earliest Period (2 vols. 1827–1829) and The History of North Carolina (2 vols., 1829). There is a memoir by Henry A. Bullard in part ii. of B. F. French’s Historical Collections of Louisiana (Philadelphia, 1850), and one by W. W. Howe in John F. Condon’s edition of Martin’s History of Louisiana (New Orleans, 1882).
MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836–1897), American artist, was
born at Albany, New York, on the 28th of October 1836. A
pupil for a short time of William Hart, his earlier work followed
the lines of the Hudson River School. He was elected as
associate of the National Academy of Design, New York, in
1868, and a full academician in 1874. During a trip to Europe
in 1876 he was captivated by the Barbizon school, and from
1882 to 1886 he lived in France spending much of the time
in Normandy. At Villerville he painted his “Harp of the
Winds,” now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Among his important canvases are “Westchester Hills,”
“Adirondack Scenery,” “The Cinquebœuf Church,” “Sand
Dunes,” and “A Newport Landscape.” Martin is generally
spoken of as one of the great trio of American landscapists,
the other two being Inness and Wyant, and examples of his
work are in most of the important American collections. He
died at St. Paul, Minnesota, on the 2nd of February 1897.
MARTIN, JOHN (1789–1854), English painter, was born
at Haydon Bridge, near Hexham, on the 19th of July 1789.
He was apprenticed by his father to a coachbuilder to learn
heraldic painting, but owing to a quarrel the indentures were
cancelled, and he was placed under Bonifacio Musso, an Italian
artist, father of the enamel painter Charles Musso. With his
master Martin removed to London in 1806, where he married
at the age of nineteen, and supported himself by giving drawing
lessons, and by painting in water colours, and on china and
glass. His leisure was occupied in the study of perspective and
architecture. His first picture, “Sadak in Search of the Waters
of Oblivion,” was exhibited in the Royal Academy of 1812, and
sold for fifty guineas. It was followed by the “Expulsion” (1813),
“Paradise” (1813), “Clytie” (1814), and “Joshua” (1815). In 1821
appeared his “Belshazzar’s Feast,” which excited much favourable
and hostile comment, and was awarded a prize of £200 at the
British Institution, where the Joshua had previously carried off a
premium of £100. Then came the “Destruction of Herculaneum”
(1822), the “Creation” (1824), the “Eve of the Deluge” (1841),
and a series of other Biblical and imaginative subjects. In 1832–1833
Martin received £2000 for drawing and engraving a fine
series of designs to Milton, and with Westall he produced a set of
Bible illustrations. He was also occupied with schemes for
the improvement of London, and published various pamphlets
and plans dealing with the metropolitan water supply, sewage,
dock and railway systems. During the last four years of his
life he was engaged upon his large subjects of “The Judgment,”
the “Day of Wrath,” and the “Plains of Heaven.” He was
attacked with paralysis while painting, and died in the Isle of
Man on the 17th of February 1854.
MARTIN, LUTHER (1748–1826), American lawyer, was
born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the 9th of February
1748. He graduated at the college of New Jersey (now Princeton
University) at the head of a class of thirty-five in 1766, and
immediately afterwards removed to Maryland, teaching at
Queenstown in that colony until 1770, and being admitted to
the bar in 1771. He practised law for a short time in Virginia,
then returned to Maryland, and became recognized as the leader
of the Maryland bar and as one of the ablest lawyers in the United
States. From 1778 to 1805 he was attorney-general of Maryland;
in 1814–1816 he was chief judge of the court of Oyer and
Terminer for the city of Baltimore; and in 1818–1822 he was
attorney-general of Maryland. He was one of Maryland’s
representatives in the Continental Congress in 1784–1785 and
in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 at Philadelphia, but
opposed the constitution and refused to affix his signature. He
subsequently allied himself with the Federalists, and was an
opponent of Thomas Jefferson, who in 1807 spoke of him as the
“Federal Bull-Dog.” His ability was shown in his famous defence
of Judge Samuel Chase (q.v.) in the impeachment trial before the
United States Senate in 1804–1805, and in his defence of Aaron Burr
- ↑ His holographic will in favour of his brother (written in 1844 and devising property worth nearly $400,000) was unsuccessfully contested by the state of Louisiana on the ground that the will was void as being a legal and physical impossibility, or as being an attempted fraud on the state, as under it the state would not receive a 10% tax if the property went to the heirs of Martin (as intestate) in France.
