repealed uniformity, taken the church out of the hands of a clerical order, and allowed the coordination of sects or churches under the state. Not that he would have allowed the state to touch doctrine, to determine polity or discipline; but he would have had it to recognize historical achievement, religious character and capacity, and endow out of its ample resources those societies which had vindicated their right to be regarded as making for religion. His ideal may have been academic, but it was the dream of a mind that thought nobly both of religion and of the state.
See Life and Letters by J. Drummond and C. B. Upton (2 vols., 1901); J. E. Carpenter, James Martineau, Theologian and Teacher (1905); J. Crawford, Recollections of James Martineau (1903); A. W. Jackson, James Martineau, a Biography and a Study (Boston, 1900); H. Sidgwick, Lectures on the Ethics of Green, Spencer and Martineau (1902); and J. Hunt, Religious Thought in England in the 19th Century. (A. M. F.)
MARTINET, a military term (more generally used in a disparaging than in a complimentary sense) implying a strict disciplinarian or drill-master. The term originated in the French army about the middle of Louis XIV.’s reign, and was derived from Jean Martinet (d. 1672), who as lieutenant-colonel of the King’s regiment of foot and inspector-general of infantry drilled and trained that arm in the model regular army created by Louis and Louvois between 1660 and 1670. Martinet seems also to have introduced the copper pontoons with which Louis bridged the Rhine in 1672. He was killed, as a maréchal de camp, at the siege of Duisburg in the same year, being accidentally shot by his own artillery while leading the infantry assault. His death, and that of the Swiss captain Soury by the same discharge gave rise to a bon mot, typical of the polite ingratitude of the age, that Duisburg had only cost the king a martin and a mouse. The “martin” as a matter of fact shares with Vauban and other professional soldiers of Louis XIV. the glory of having made the French army the first and best regular army in Europe. Great nobles, such as Turenne, Condé and Luxemburg, led this army and inspired it, but their fame has obscured that of the men who made it manageable and efficient. It was about this time that the soldier of fortune, who joined a regiment with his own arms and equipment and had learned his trade by varied experience, began to give place to the soldier regularly enlisted as a recruit in permanent regiments and trained by his own officers. The consequence of this was the introduction of a uniform, or nearly uniform system of drill and training, which in all essentials has endured to the present day. Thus Martinet was the forerunner of Leopold of Dessau and Frederick William, just as Jean Jacques de Fourilles, the organizer of the cavalry, who was forced into an untimely charge at Seneffe (1674) by a brutal taunt of Condé, and there met his death, was the forerunner of Zieten and Seydlitz. These men, while differing from the creators of the Prussian army in that they contributed nothing to the tactics of their arms, at least made tactics possible by the thorough drilling and organization they imparted to the formerly heterogeneous and hardly coherent elements of an army.
MARTÍNEZ DE LA ROSA, FRANCISCO DE PAULA (1789–1862),
Spanish statesman and dramatist, was born on the 10th
of March 1789 at Granada, and educated at the university there.
He won popularity with a series of epigrams on local celebrities
published under the title of El Cementerio de momo. During
the struggle against Napoleon he took the patriotic side, was
elected deputy, and at Cadiz produced his first play, Lo que puede
un empleo, a prose comedy in the manner of the younger Moratin.
La Viuda de Padilla (1814), a tragedy modelled upon Alfieri, was
less acceptable to the Spanish public. Meanwhile the author
became more and more engulfed in politics, and in 1814 was
banished to Africa, where he remained till 1820, when he was
suddenly recalled and appointed prime minister. During the
next three years he was the most unpopular man in Spain;
denounced as a revolutionist by the Conservatives and as a
reactionary by the Liberals, he alienated the sympathies of all
parties, and his rhetoric earned for him the contemptuous nickname
of Rosita la Pastelera. Exiled in 1823, he took refuge in
Paris, where he issued his Obras literarias (1827), including his
Arte poética, in which he exaggerated the literary theories
already promulgated by Luzán. Returning to Spain in 1831,
he became prime minister on the death of Ferdinand VII., but
proved incapable of coping with the insurrectionary movement
and resigned in 1834. He was ambassador at Paris in 1839–1840
and at Rome in 1842–1843, joined the Conservative party, held
many important offices, and was president of congress and
director of the Spanish academy at the time of his death, which
took place at Madrid on the 7th of February 1862. As a statesman,
Martínez de la Rosa never rose above mediocrity. It was
his misfortune to be in place without real power, to struggle
against a turbulent pseudo-democratic movement promoted by
unscrupulous soldiers, and to contend with the intrigues of the
king, the court camarilla and the clergy. But circumstances
which hampered him in politics favoured his career in literature.
He was not a great natural force; his early plays and poems are
influenced by Moratin or by Meléndez Valdés; his Espirítu del
siglo (1835) is an elegant summary of all the commonplaces concerning
the philosophy of history; his Doña Isabel de Solís (1837–1846)
is a weak imitation of Walter Scott’s historical novels.
Still his place in the history of Spanish literature is secure, if not
eminent. Through the happy accident of his exile at Paris he
was thrown into relations with the leaders of the French romantic
movement, and was so far impressed with the innovations of the
new school as to write in French a romantic piece entitled Aben-Humeya
(1830), which was played at the Porte Saint-Martin.
The experiment was not unsuccessful, and on his return to Madrid
Martínez de la Rosa produced La Conjuración de Venecia
(April 23, 1834), which entitles him to be called the pioneer of the
romantic drama in Spain. The play is more reminiscent of
Casimir Delavigne than of Victor Hugo; but it was unquestionably
effective, and smoothed the way for the bolder essays of
Rivas, Garcia Gutiérrez and Hartzenbusch.
MARTINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1706–1784), Italian musician, was born at Bologna on the 24th of April 1706. His father, Antonio Maria Martini, a violinist, taught him the elements of music and the violin; later he learned singing and harpsichord playing from Padre Pradieri, and counterpoint from Antonio Riccieri. Having received his education in classics from the fathers of the oratory of San Filippo Neri, he afterwards entered upon a noviciate at the Franciscan monastery at Lago, at the close of which he was received as a Minorite on the 11th of September 1722. In 1725, though only nineteen years old, he received the appointment of chapel-master in the Franciscan church at Bologna, where his compositions attracted attention. At the invitation of amateurs and professional friends he opened a school of composition at which several celebrated musicians were trained; as a teacher he consistently declared his preference for the traditions of the old Roman school of composition. Padre Martini was a zealous collector of musical literature, and possessed an extensive musical library. Burney estimated it at 17,000 volumes; after Martini’s death a portion of it passed to the Imperial library at Vienna, the rest remaining in Bologna, now in the Liceo Rossini. Most contemporary musicians speak of Martini with admiration, and Mozart’s father consulted him with regard to the talents of his son. Abt Vogler, however, makes reservations in his praise, condemning his philosophical principles as too much in sympathy with those of Fox, which had already been expressed by P. Vallotti. He died at Bologna on the 4th of August 1784. His Elogio was published by Pietro della Valle at Bologna in the same year.
The greater number of Martini’s sacred compositions remain unprinted. The Liceo of Bologna possesses the MSS. of two oratorios; and a requiem, with some other pieces of church music, are now in Vienna. Litaniae atque antiphonae finales B. V. Mariae were published at Bologna in 1734, as also twelve Sonate d’intavolatura; six Sonate per l’organo ed il cembalo in 1747; and Duetti da camera in 1763. Martini’s most important works are his Storia della musica (Bologna, 1757–1781) and his Saggio di contrapunto (Bologna, 1774–1775). The former, of which the three published volumes relate wholly to ancient music, and thus represent a mere fragment of the author’s vast plan, exhibits immense reading and industry, but is written in a dry and unattractive style, and is overloaded with matter which cannot be regarded as historical. At the beginning
