of Mauch Chunk, where coal is mined and silk and stoves are manufactured, and which had a population in 1900 of 4629, and in 1910 of 5316. Immediately above Mauch Chunk the river forms a horseshoe; on the opposite side, connected by a bridge, is the borough of East Mauch Chunk (pop. 1900, 3458; 1910, 3548); and 2 m. up the river is Glen Onoko, with fine falls and cascades. The principal buildings in Mauch Chunk are the county court house, a county gaol, a Young Men’s Christian Association building, and the Dimmick Memorial Library (1890). The borough was long a famous shipping point for coal. It now has ironworks and foundries, and in East Mauch Chunk there are silk mills. The name is Indian and means “Bear Mountain,” this English name being used for a mountain on the east side of the river. The borough was founded by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in 1818. This company began in 1827 the operation of the “Switch-Back,” probably the first railway in the country to be used for transporting coal. In 1831 the town was opened to individual enterprise, and in 1850 it was incorporated as a borough. Mauch Chunk was for many years the home of Asa Packer, the projector and builder of the Lehigh Valley railroad from Mauch Chunk to Easton.
MAUCHLINE, a town in the division of Kyle, Ayrshire,
Scotland. Pop. (1901), 1767. It lies 8 m. E.S.E. of Kilmarnock
and 11 m. E. by N. of Ayr by the Glasgow and South-Western
railway. It is situated on a gentle slope about 1 m. from the
river Ayr, which flows through the south of the parish of Mauchline.
It is noted for its manufacture of snuff-boxes and knick-knacks
in wood, and of curling-stones. There is also some
cabinet-making, besides spinning and weaving, and its horse
fairs and cattle markets have more than local celebrity. The
parish church, dating from 1829, stands in the middle of the
village, and on the green a monument, erected in 1830, marks
the spot where five Covenanters were killed in 1685. Robert
Burns lived with his brother Gilbert on the farm of Mossgiel,
about a mile to the north, from 1784 to 1788. Mauchline
kirkyard was the scene of the “Holy Fair”; at “Poosie Nansie’s”
(Agnes Gibson’s)—still, though much altered, a popular inn—the
“Jolly Beggars” held their high jinks; near the church (in the
poet’s day an old, barn-like structure) was the Whiteford Arms
inn, where on a pane of glass Burns wrote the epitaph on John
Dove, the landlord; “auld Nanse Tinnock’s” house, with the
date of 1744 above the door, nearly faces the entrance to the
churchyard; the Rev. William Auld was minister of Mauchline,
and “Holy Willie,” whom the poet scourged in the celebrated
“Prayer,” was one of “Daddy Auld’s” elders; behind the
kirkyard stands the house of Gavin Hamilton, the lawyer and
firm friend of Burns, in which the poet was married. The
braes of Ballochmyle, where he met the heroine of his song,
“The Lass o’ Ballochmyle,” lie about a mile to the south-east.
Adjoining them is the considerable manufacturing town of Catrine (pop. 2340), with cotton factories, bleach fields and
brewery, where Dr Matthew Stewart (1717–1785), the father
of Dugald Stewart—had a mansion, and where there is a big
water-wheel said to be inferior in size only to that of Laxey in the
Isle of Man. Barskimming House, 2 m. south by west of Mauchline,
the seat of Lord-President Miller (1717–1789), was burned
down in 1882. Near the confluence of the Fail and the Ayr was
the scene of Burns’s parting with Highland Mary.
MAUDE, CYRIL (1862– ), English actor, was born in
London and educated at Charterhouse. He began his career
as an actor in 1883 in America, and from 1896 to 1905 was
co-manager with F. Harrison of the Haymarket Theatre, London.
There he became distinguished for his quietly humorous acting
in many parts. In 1906 he went into management on his own
account, and in 1907 opened his new theatre The Playhouse.
In 1888 he married the actress Winifred Emery (b. 1862), who
had made her London début as a child in 1875, and acted with
Irving at the Lyceum between 1881 and 1887. She was a
daughter of Samuel Anderson Emery (1817–1881) and granddaughter
of John Emery (1777–1822), both well-known actors in
their day.
MAULE, a coast province of central Chile, bounded N. by
Talea, E. by Linares and Nuble, and S. by Concepción, and lying
between the rivers Maule and Itata, which form its northern
and southern boundaries. Pop. (1895), 119,791; area, 2475
sq. m. Maule is traversed from north to south by the coast
range and its surfaces are much broken. The Buchupureo
river flows westward across the province. The climate is mild
and healthy. Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal
occupations, and hides, cattle, wheat and timber are exported.
Transport facilities are afforded by the Maule and the Itata,
which are navigable, and by a branch of the government railway
from Cauquenes to Parral, an important town of southern
Linares. The provincial capital, Cauquenes (pop., in 1895,
8574; 1902 estimate, 9895), is centrally situated on the Buchupureo
river, on the eastern slopes of the coast cordilleras. The
town and port of Constitución (pop., in 1900, about 7000) on
the south bank of the Maule, one mile above its mouth, was
formerly the capital of the province. The port suffers from a
dangerous bar at the mouth of the river, but is connected with
Talca by rail and has a considerable trade.
The Maule river, from which the province takes its name, is of historic interest because it is said to have marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire. It rises in the Laguna del Maule, an Andean lake near the Argentine frontier, 7218 ft. above sea-level, and flows westward about 140 m. to the Pacific, into which it discharges in 35° 18′ S. The upper part of its drainage basin, to which the Anuario Hydrografico gives an area of 8000 sq. m., contains the volcanoes of San Pedro (11,800 ft.), the Descabezado (12,795 ft.), and others of the same group of lower elevations. The upper course and tributaries of the Maule, principally in the province of Linares, are largely used for irrigation.
MAULÉON, SAVARI DE (d. 1236), French soldier, was the son
of Raoul de Mauléon, vicomte de Thouars and lord of Mauléon
(now Châtillon-sur-Sèvre). Having espoused the cause of Arthur
of Brittany, he was captured at Mirebeau (1202), and imprisoned
in the château of Corfe. But John set him at liberty in 1204,
gained him to his side and named him seneschal of Poitou (1205).
In 1211 Savari de Mauléon assisted Raymond VI. count of
Toulouse, and with him besieged Simon de Montfort in Castelnaudary.
Philip Augustus bought his services in 1212 and gave
him command of a fleet which was destroyed in the Flemish port
of Damme. Then Mauléon returned to John, whom he aided in his
struggle with the barons in 1215. He was one of those whom
John designated on his deathbed for a council of regency (1216).
Then he went to Egypt (1219), and was present at the taking of
Damietta. Returning to Poitou he was a second time seneschal
for the king of England. He defended Saintonge against Louis
VIII. in 1224, but was accused of having given La Rochelle
up to the king of France, and the suspicions of the English again
threw him back upon the French. Louis VIII. then turned over
to him the defence of La Rochelle and the coast of Saintonge.
In 1227 he took part in the rising of the barons of Poitiers and
Anjou against the young Louis IX. He enjoyed a certain
reputation for his poems in the langue d’oc.
See Chilhaud-Dumaine, “Savari de Mauléon,” in Positions des Thèses des élèves de l’École des Chartes (1877); Histoire littéraire de la France, xviii. 671–682.
MAULSTICK, or Mahlstick, a stick with a soft leather or
padded head, used by painters to support the hand that holds the
brush. The word is an adaptation of the Dutch maalstok, i.e. the
painter’s stick, from malen, to paint.
MAUNDY THURSDAY (through O.Fr. mandé from Lat.
mandatum, commandment, in allusion to Christ’s words: “A new commandment give I unto you,” after he had washed the disciples’ feet at the Last Supper), the Thursday before Easter. Maundy Thursday is sometimes known as Sheer or Chare Thursday, either in allusion, it is thought, to the “shearing” of heads and beards in preparation for Easter, or more probably in the word’s Middle English sense of “pure,” in allusion to the ablutions of the day. The chief ceremony, as kept from the early middle ages onwards—the washing of the feet of twelve or more poor men or beggars—was in the early Church almost unknown. Of Chrysostom and St Augustine, who both speak of Maundy Thursday
