Among works published by Maury, in addition to those mentioned, are the papers contributed by him to the Astronomical Observations of the United States Observatory, Letter concerning Lanes for Steamers crossing the Atlantic (1855); Physical Geography (1864) and Manual of Geography (1871). In 1859 he began the publication of a series of Nautical Monographs.
See Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin (his daughter), Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury (London, 1888).
MAUSOLEUM, the term given to a monument erected to
receive the remains of a deceased person, which may sometimes
take the form of a sepulchral chapel. The term cenotaph (κενός,
empty, τάφος, tomb) is employed for a similar monument
where the body is not buried in the structure. The term
“mausoleum” originated with the magnificent monument
erected by Queen Artemisia in 353 B.C. in memory of her husband
King Mausolus, of which the remains were brought to England
in 1859 by Sir Charles Newton and placed in the British Museum.
The tombs of Augustus and of Hadrian in Rome are perhaps
the largest monuments of the kind ever erected.
MAUSOLUS (more correctly Maussollus), satrap and practically
ruler of Caria (377–353 B.C.). The part he took in the
revolt against Artaxerxes Mnemon, his conquest of a great part
of Lycia, Ionia and of several of the Greek islands, his co-operation
with the Rhodians and their allies in the war against Athens,
and the removal of his capital from Mylasa, the ancient seat of
the Carian kings, to Halicarnassus are the leading facts of his
history. He is best known from the tomb erected for him by his
widow Artemisia. The architects Satyrus and Pythis, and the
sculptors Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis and Timotheus, finished
the work after her death. (See Halicarnassus.) An inscription
discovered at Mylasa (Böckh, Inscr. gr. ii. 2691 c.) details the
punishment of certain conspirators who had made an attempt
upon his life at a festival in a temple at Labranda in 353.
See Diod. Sic. xv. 90, 3, xvi. 7, 4, 36, 2; Demosthenes, De Rhodiorum libertate; J. B. Bury, Hist. of Greece (1902), ii. 271; W. Judeich, Kleinasiatische Studien (Marburg, 1892), pp. 226–256, and authorities under Halicarnassus.
MAUVE, ANTON (1838–1888), Dutch landscape painter, was
born at Zaandam, the son of a Baptist minister. Much against
the wish of his parents he took up the study of art and entered
the studio of Van Os, whose dry academic manner had, however,
but little attraction for him. He benefited far more by his
intimacy with his friends Jozef Israels and W. Maris. Encouraged
by their example he abandoned his early tight and highly
finished manner for a freer, looser method of painting, and the
brilliant palette of his youthful work for a tender lyric harmony
which is generally restricted to delicate greys, greens, and light
blue. He excelled in rendering the soft hazy atmosphere that
lingers over the green meadows of Holland, and devoted himself
almost exclusively to depicting the peaceful rural life of the
fields and country lanes of Holland—especially of the districts
near Oosterbeck and Wolfhezen, the sand dunes of the coast
at Scheveningen, and the country near Laren, where he spent
the last years of his life. A little sad and melancholy, his pastoral
scenes are nevertheless conceived in a peaceful soothing
lyrical mood, which is in marked contrast to the epic power and
almost tragic intensity of J. F. Millet. There are fourteen of
Mauve’s pictures at the Mesdag Museum at the Hague, and two
(“Milking Time” and “A Fishing Boat putting to Sea”) at
the Ryks Museum in Amsterdam. The Glasgow Corporation
Gallery owns his painting of “A Flock of Sheep.” The finest
and most representative private collection of pictures by Mauve
was made by Mr J. C. J. Drucker, London.
MAVROCORDATO, Mavrocordat or Mavrogordato, the
name of a family of Phanariot Greeks, distinguished in the
history of Turkey, Rumania and modern Greece. The family
was founded by a merchant of Chios, whose son Alexander
Mavrocordato (c. 1636–1709), a doctor of philosophy and medicine
of Bologna, became dragoman to the sultan in 1673, and
was much employed in negotiations with Austria. It was he
who drew up the treaty of Karlowitz (1699). He became a
secretary of state, and was created a count of the Holy Roman
Empire. His authority, with that of Hussein Kupruli and Rami
Pasha, was supreme at the court of Mustapha II., and he did
much to ameliorate the condition of the Christians in Turkey.
He was disgraced in 1703, but was recalled to court by Sultan
Ahmed III. He left some historical, grammatical, &c. treatises
of little value.
His son Nicholas Mavrocordato (1670–1730) was grand dragoman to the Divan (1697), and in 1708 was appointed hospodar (prince) of Moldavia. Deposed, owing to the sultan’s suspicions, in favour of Demetrius Cantacuzene, he was restored in 1711, and soon afterwards became hospodar of Walachia. In 1716 he was deposed by the Austrians, but was restored after the peace of Passarowitz. He was the first Greek set to rule the Danubian principalities, and was responsible for establishing the system which for a hundred years was to make the name of Greek hateful to the Rumanians. He introduced Greek manners, the Greek language and Greek costume, and set up a splendid court on the Byzantine model. For the rest he was a man of enlightenment, founded libraries and was himself the author of a curious work entitled Περὶ καθήκοντων (Bucharest, 1719). He was succeeded as grand dragoman (1709) by his son John (Ioannes), who was for a short while hospodar of Moldavia, and died in 1720.
Nicholas Mavrocordato was succeeded as prince of Walachia in 1730 by his son Constantine. He was deprived in the same year, but again ruled the principality from 1735 to 1741 and from 1744 to 1748; he was prince of Moldavia from 1741 to 1744 and from 1748 to 1749. His rule was distinguished by numerous tentative reforms in the fiscal and administrative systems. He was wounded and taken prisoner in the affair of Galati during the Russo-Turkish War, on the 5th of November 1769, and died in captivity.
Prince Alexander Mavrocordato (1791–1865), Greek statesman, a descendant of the hospodars, was born at Constantinople on the 11th of February 1791. In 1812 he went to the court of his uncle Ioannes Caradja, hospodar of Walachia, with whom he passed into exile in Russia and Italy (1817). He was a member of the Hetairia Philike and was among the Phanariot Greeks who hastened to the Morea on the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1821. He was active in endeavouring to establish a regular government, and in January 1822 presided over the first Greek national assembly at Epidaurus. He commanded the advance of the Greeks into western Hellas the same year, and suffered a defeat at Peta on the 16th of July, but retrieved this disaster somewhat by his successful resistance to the first siege of Missolonghi (Nov. 1822 to Jan. 1823). His English sympathies brought him, in the subsequent strife of factions, into opposition to the “Russian” party headed by Demetrius Ypsilanti and Kolokotrones; and though he held the portfolio of foreign affairs for a short while under the presidency of Petrobey (Petros Mavromichales), he was compelled to withdraw from affairs until February 1825, when he again became a secretary of state. The landing of Ibrahim Pasha followed, and Mavrocordato again joined the army, only escaping capture in the disaster at Sphagia (Spakteria), on the 9th of May 1815, by swimming to Navarino. After the fall of Missolonghi (April 22, 1826) he went into retirement, until President Capo d’Istria made him a member of the committee for the administration of war material, a position he resigned in 1828. After Capo d’Istria’s murder (Oct. 9, 1831) and the resignation of his brother and successor, Agostino Capo d’Istria (April 13, 1832), Mavrocordato became minister of finance. He was vice-president of the National Assembly at Argos (July, 1832), and was appointed by King Otto minister of finance, and in 1833 premier. From 1834 onwards he was Greek envoy at Munich, Berlin, London and—after a short interlude as premier in Greece in 1841—Constantinople. In 1843, after the revolution of September, he returned to Athens as minister without portfolio in the Metaxas cabinet, and from April to August 1844 was head of the government formed after the fall of the “Russian” party. Going into opposition, he distinguished himself by his violent attacks on the Kolettis government. In 1854–1855 he was again head of the government for a few months. He died in Aegina on the 18th of August 1865.
See E. Legrand, Genealogie des Mavrocordato (Paris, 1886).
