of San Stefano (March 3, 1878) would have brought Montenegro into close contiguity with Servia, thus facilitating the eventual union of the Serb race and closing the path of Austria towards the Aegean. The Berlin Treaty (article xxviii.) gave to Montenegro Nikshitch, Spuzh, Podgoritza, Plava, Gusinye and Antivari, but restored Dulcigno to Turkey. The resistance of the Moslem inhabitants of Plava and Gusinye to annexation led to long negotiations, and eventually the “Corti Compromise” was agreed to by a conference of the Powers at Constantinople (April 18, 1880). Plava and Gusinye were to be restored to Turkey, while the Montenegrin frontier was extended so as to include the Hoti and the greater part of the Klementi tribes. This arrangement, which could hardly have proved successful, was not carried out by Turkey, and the Powers subsequently decided to annex Dulcigno to Montenegro in exchange for Plava and Gusinye. The Porte interposed delays, though consenting in principle, and the Albanian League (see Albania) assumed a menacing attitude. On the 28th of September the fleets of the Powers under Admiral Seymour appeared off Dulcigno, and the British government shortly afterwards proposed to occupy Smyrna. On the 11th of November the Porte yielded; on the 22nd the Turkish troops defeated the Albanians, and on the 25th Montenegro obtained possession of Dulcigno. The present frontier, as already described, was shortly afterwards delimited by an international commission. With the exception of some frontier troubles, the years since 1880 have been spent in peace, and the country has advanced in prosperity under the autocratic but enlightened rule of Prince Nicholas. The relations with Turkey, the traditional foe, have improved, While those with Austria have become less friendly. In July 1893 the four-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the printing-press at Obod was celebrated at Cettigne, several foreign universities and learned bodies being represented at the festivities. In September 1896 the bi-centenary of the Petrovitch dynasty was commemorated. The marriage in the same year of Princess Helen, fourth daughter of Prince Nicholas, with the crown prince of Italy, subsequently King Victor Emmanuel III., led to an increase of Italian influence in the principality. In December 1900 Prince Nicholas assumed the title “Royal Highness.” In October 1906 the first Montenegrin parliament assembled at Cettigne; and on the 28th of August 1910, Prince Nicholas (q.v.) assumed the title of king.
Authorities.—Milutinovitch, History of Montenegro (in Russian), (St Petersburg, 1835); Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro (London, 1848); Vuk Karajich, Montenegro und die Montenegriner (Stuttgart, 1857); Kallay, Geschichte der Serben von den ältesten Zeiten bis 1815 (trans. from the Hungarian by J. H. Schwicker; Budapest, 1885), Servian trans., Istoria Srpskoga naroda (Belgrade, 1876); Frilley and Wlahowitj, Le Monténégro contemporain (Paris, 1876); Rash, Montenegro (Leipzig, 1877); Milakovitch, Storia del Montenegro (Ragusa, 1877); Gopchevitch, Montenegro und die Montenegriner (Leipzig, 1877); Yriarte, Les Bords de l’Adriatique et le Monténégro (Paris, 1878); Stefanovitch von Vilovo, Wanderungen durch Montenegro (Vienna, 1880); Chiudina, Storia del Montenegro (Spalato, 1882); Tietze, Geologische Uebersicht von Montenegro (Vienna, 1884); Rovinsky, Tchernagora (in Russian; St Petersburg, 1888); Duchitch, Tzernagora (in Servian; Belgrade, 1891); Medakovitch, Pietro II. Petrovic Niegus (Neusatz, 1892); Hassert, Reise durch Montenegro (Vienna, 1893); Coquelle, Histoire du Monténégro et de la Bosnie (Paris, 1895); Miller, The Balkans, pp. 353-468 (London, 1896); Mantegazza, Al Montenegro (Florence, 1896); Tomanovitch, Petar Drugi Petrovich Niegosh (Cettigne, 1896); Antonio Martini, Il Montenegro (Turin, 1897); Bourchier, “Montenegro and her Prince,” in Fortnightly Review (December, 1898); Rouvaratz, Montenegrina (in Servian; Semlin, 1899); Gelchitch, La Zedda e la dinastia dei Balšidi (Spalato, 1899); R. Wyon and G. Prance, The Land of the Black Mountain (London, 1903). The best map is that of the Austrian staff. (J. D. B.)
MONTE OLIVETO MAGGIORE, a monastery of Tuscany, Italy, 6 m. S. of Asciano. It was founded in 1320, and is mainly celebrated for the beautiful frescoes in the monastery court, which are by Luca Signorelli (1497–1498) and Antonio Bazzi, called Sodoma (1505), representing scenes from the legend of St Benedict. The church and library contain fine inlaid woodwork by Fra Giovanni da Verona.
MONTEPULCIANO, a town and episcopal see of the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy, 44 m. S.E. of Siena by rail. Pop. (1901) 6288 (town); 15,384 (commune). The town, 6 m. W. of the station, crowns the summit of a hill (1984 ft.), and is surrounded by medieval walls. It is not traceable in history before A.D. 715. It was under the protection of Siena till 1202, when it declared for Florence and thenceforward passed from one mistress to the other, until early in the 16th century when it finally became Florentine. In 1561 it became an episcopal see. Most of the buildings belong to the Renaissance; except the castle, the 14th-century Palazzo Pubblico, and the portals of two or three churches, especially that of S. Maria (13th century). There are a number of fine private houses, some built by Antonio da Sangallo the elder (1455?–1534) and Baldassare Peruzzi (1481–1536) and others by Vignola (1507–1573). The beautiful church of the Madonna di S. Biagio—probably Sangallo’s masterpiece—was built in 1518–1537. The cathedral built by Bartolommeo Ammanati (1570), modified by Ippolito Scalza, and completed in 1680 (with the exception of the façade, which is still unfinished) contains a large altar-piece by Taddeo di Bartolo of Siena, and the fragments of an imposing monument erected in 1427–1436 by the Florentine architect Michelozzo in honour of Bartolommeo Aragazzi, secretary of Pope Martin V., which was taken down in the 18th century. The façade of S. Agostino is probably also Michelozzo’s work. Montepulciano is famous for its wine, and was the birthplace of the scholar and poet Angelo Anbrogini (1454–1494), generally known as Poliziano (Politian) and of Cardinal Bellarmine (1542–1621).
See F. Bargagli-Petrucci, Montepulciano, Chiusi, &c. (Bergamo, 1907).
MONTEREAU, a town of northern France, in the department of Seine-et-Marne at the confluence of the Yonne with the Seine, 21 m.) S.E. of Melun by rail. Pop. (1906), 7870. The church dates from the 13th century, with a façade of the Renaissance period. The industries include the manufacture of porcelain, fire-proof and decorative bricks, boots and shoes and agricultural machines and colours, varnish, &c. Among the institutions are a tribunal of commerce and a chamber of arts and manufactures.
Montereau was in the beginning of the 15th century a place of some importance. Here, on the bridge over the Yonne, Jean Sans-Peur, duke of Burgundy was assassinated in the presence of the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII., in 1419. In 1438 the town was captured by Charles VII., and during the wars of religion it was several times taken and retaken. In 1814 Napoleon gained a victory at Montereau over the Württemberg troops under Schwarzenberg, and in memory of this his statue has been erected on the bridge.
MONTEREY, a city of Monterey county, California, U.S.A., on the Pacific coast, about 90 m. in a straight line S. by E. from San Francisco, at the S.E. extremity of the Gulf of Monterey, a great open bay 22 m. wide from headland to headland and facing S.W. The harbour is protected by a peninsula extending N.W. Pop. (1900), 1748, largely of Spanish descent; (1910) 4923. It is served by the Southern Pacific railroad, and for freight by the Pacific Coast Steamship Co. It is built in an amphitheatre formed by gently sloping pine-clad hills. In 1881 the Southern Pacific Company erected the Del Monte hotel, with beautiful grounds several miles in extent, and since then the city has come to be one of the favourite resorts of the Pacific coast. The difference between the mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest months of the year (rarely below 47° or above 66° F. respectively) is from 10° to 20°; while the thermometer rarely registers below freezing or above 80° F. Within the city limits there is a United States Army post, the Presidio of Monterey, with a musketry school. There are sardine canneries here and good salmon and other fishing; some salmon are shipped to Germany to be smoked. In 1907 the south side of the Gulf of Monterey was made by the state legislature into a preserve for squid and other food for salmon. To San Francisco, Hawaii, Alaska, and elsewhere, Monterey ships annually about 60,000 tons of crude oil, piped here into great steel tanks from the Coalinga oil fields 112 m. away. Sand lime brick is manufactured here.
