The monzonites of Tirol show a great variability in appearance, structure, and the relative proportions of their minerals. They tend to pass into rocks which have been called diabases and gabbros, and near the margins of the outcrop facies very rich in pyroxene (pyroxenites) occur. Many authors believe that this variety of types is associated with the fact that the monzonites occupy a middle place as regards their chemical composition between the acid and the basic igneous rocks, and that such a magma is naturally somewhat unstable, and likely to split up or differentiate into partial magmas of more siliceous and less siliceous character. The monzonites in fact approach rather closely to the calculated mean composition of the outer portion of the earth’s crust and from a molten magma of this nature it is natural to suppose that all kinds of igneous rocks have been derived.
Rocks of monzonitic facies occur also in Norway, where they have been described as åkerites. They contain quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase, augite and dark brown biotite; hornblende and hypersthene also may be present. Some of them have porphyritic rather than granitic texture, especially near the margins of the laccolites. From a study of these and other occurrences Brogger proposed to define the monzonites as orthoclase-plagioclase rocks in which the two chief classes of felspar occur in nearly equal quantities (as distinguished from the orthoclase rocks or granites and syenites and the plagioclase rocks or diorites and gabbros).
At Yogo Peak and Beaver Creek in Montana, U.S.A., there are masses of granitoid rock which bear a close resemblance to the monzonites of Tirol. Two main types occur: (a) yogoite, which differs little from monzonite, and (b) shonkinite, which is a more basic rock richer in plagioclase and augite; this rock contains olivine and in places passes into dark pyroxenites. In shonkinite also a little nepheline may be present. In several places in the west of Scotland (Argyllshire) intrusive bosses are known which consist of an olivine-bearing rock closely related to monzonite. It has been called kentallenite because it is quarried at Kentallen in Argyllshire. Large crystals of pale green augite and irregular plates of biotite which enclose idiomorphic plagioclase felspar are conspicuous in micro-sections of this rock, and the abundance of olivine is rather greater than is usual in the monzonites; it is associated with diorites of lamprophyric character and dark pyroxenites and peridotites.
The following analyses show the chemical peculiarities of the principal rocks of the monzonite group:—
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | FeO | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | |
| Monzonite, Monzoni Yogoite, Yogo Peak Kentallenite, Argyllshire |
54·20 54·42 52·09 |
15·73 14·28 11·93 |
3·67 3·32 1·84 |
5·40 4·13 7·11 |
3·40 6·12 12·48 |
8·50 7·72 7·84 |
4·42 4·22 3·01 |
3·07 3·44 2·04 |
(J. S. F.)
MOOD. (1) (O. Eng. mód, a word common to Teutonic languages;
cf. Ger. Mut; Du. moed, mind, courage), a particular state
of mind or feeling. (2) (Adapted from Lat. modus, measure), a
grammatical term for one of the various forms into which the
conjugation is grouped, showing whether the verb is used as
a predicate, a wish, a command, &c. In syllogistic logic the
term is used of the various classes into which the “figures” of
valid syllogisms are divided. (See Syllogism.)
MOODKEE, or Mudki, a town in the Ferozepore district of
the Punjab, India. Pop. (1901), 2977. It is situated 26 m. S.
of the Sutlej, on the old road from Ferozepore to Karnal, and is
notable as the scene of the first battle (Dec. 18, 1845) in the first
Sikh war. (See Sikh Wars.)
MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN (RYTHER) (1837–1899), American evangelist, was born in the village of East Northfield
(Northfield township), Massachusetts, on the 5th of February
1837. His father died in 1841, and young Dwight, a mischievous
independent boy, got a scanty schooling. In 1854
he became a salesman in a shoe-store in Boston; in 1855 he was
“converted”; and in 1856 he went to Chicago and started
business there. Beginning with a class gathered from the
streets, he opened (1858) a Sunday school in North Market
Hall, which was organized in 1863 as the Illinois Street Church,
and afterwards became the Chicago Avenue Church, of which
he was layman pastor. In 1860 he gave up business and devoted
himself to city missionary work. He was prominent in raising
money for Farwell Hall in Chicago (1867), and in 1865–1869
was president of the Chicago Young Men’s Christian Association.
Ira David Sankey (1840–1908) joined him in Chicago in 1870
and helped him greatly by the singing of hymns; and in a series
of notable revival meetings in England (1873–1875, 1881–1884,
1891–1892) and America they carried on their gospel campaign,
and became famous for the Moody and Sankey Gospel Hymns.
In 1879 Moody opened the Northfield seminary for young
women, at Northfield, Mass., and in 1881 the adjacent Mount
Hermon school for boys; in each a liberal practical education
centres about Bible training; the boys do farm-work and the
girls house-work. In 1889 he opened in Chicago the Bible
Institute, and there trained Christian workers in Bible study and
in practical methods of social reform; at Northfield in 1890
he opened a Training School in domestic science in the Northfield
Hotel, formerly used only in summer for visitors at the annual
conferences, of which the best known are the Bible (or Christian
Workers’) Conference, first held at Northfield in 1880, and the
Students’ (or College Men’s) Conference, first held in 1887.
Moody died at Northfield on the 22nd of December 1899. His sermons were colloquial, simple, full of conviction and point. In his theology he laid stress on the Gospel and on no sectarian opinions—he was, however, a pre-millenarianite—and he worked with men as much more “advanced” than himself as Henry Drummond, whom he eagerly defended against orthodox attack, and George Adam Smith. Moody’s sermons were sold widely in English, and in German, Danish and Swedish versions.
See the (official) Life of Dwight L. Moody (New York, 1900), by his son, W. R. Moody (b. 1869), and the estimate in Henry Drummond’s Dwight L. Moody: Impressions and Facts (New York, 1900), with an introduction by George Adam Smith.
MOOLVIE (an Urdū variant of Arabic maulavi, a derivative of mullah, a man learned in the law), the name used in India of a man learned in Mahommedan law, and hence used generally of a teacher or as a complimentary title of one learned in any branch of knowledge.
MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1st Baronet (1814–1899), English railway administrator, was the son of a Liverpool merchant, and was born on the 23rd of September 1814. The history of his life is practically the history of the London & North-Western railway for the period in which he lived. When he first became a member of the board in 1847, the company had just come into existence by the amalgamation of the London & Birmingham, the Manchester & Birmingham, and the Grand Junction lines, and it was during his long connexion with it—first as director and then (from 1862 to 1891) as chairman—that its system was developed substantially into what it is now. The Chester & Holyhead, the Lancaster & Carlisle, and many smaller lines were gradually added to it, either by leasing or by complete absorption, and finally in 1877 an act was obtained consolidating all into one homogeneous whole. Throughout his career, Sir Richard Moon’s powers of organization and his genius for what may be called railway diplomacy were of the greatest advantage to the company, and to him it owed in very large measure its commanding position. An extremely hard worker himself, he expected equal diligence of his subordinates; but energy and capacity did not go unrewarded, for he made promotions, not by standing or seniority, but by merit. Sir Richard Moon, who was created a baronet in 1887, died at Coventry on the 17th of November 1899.
MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. μήν, Sans. mās, Irish mī, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word in mensis, month; the ultimate root for “moon” and “month” is usually taken to be me-, to measure, the moon being a measurer of time), in astronomy, the name given to the satellite of any planet, specifically to the only satellite of the earth.
The subject of the moon may be treated as twofold, one branch being concerned with the aspects, phases and constitution of the moon; the other with the mathematical theory of its motion. As the varying phenomena presented by the moon grow out of its orbital motion, the general character of the latter will be set forth in advance.
A luminous idea of the geometrical relations of the moon,
