few ships to Jamaica, leaving the rest to get home as best they could. On his return he received the thanks of the governor and council; but meanwhile on the 8th of July, 1670, a treaty had been signed between Spain and England, and both Modyford and Morgan were ordered home under arrest to answer for their conduct. Morgan, however, soon succeeded in gaining the king’s favour, and in the autumn of 1674 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Jamaica and was knighted, leaving England in December. After such a career as his it is not surprising that Morgan’s conduct as a responsible official of the government was not very creditable. He was charged by Lord Vaughan, afterwards earl of Carbery, the governor, soon after his appointment, of persisting in encouraging privateering; he intrigued against his colleagues and successive governors of Jamaica, with the hope of superseding them; raised factious dissensions; and supported the outrageous conduct of his brother, Captain Charles Morgan, a terrible ruffian, and his kinsman, Colonel Byndlos, taking part in their brawls and drunken orgies. He was finally, on the 12th of October 1683, suspended in Jamaica from all his employments; a decision which was confirmed by the government at home after hearing Morgan’s defence; but he was restored to his place in the council on the 18th of July 1688, shortly before his death, which took place in August.
See A. O. Exquemelin (one of Morgan’s buccaneers), Buccaneers of America (1684, reprinted in 1891); A. Morgan, History of the Family of Morgan (1901).
MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825–1864), American Confederate
soldier, was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on the 1st of June
1825, and was brought up on a farm near Lexington, Kentucky,
to which his parents removed in 1830. In the Mexican War
he was a first lieutenant of a Kentucky cavalry regiment. On
the outbreak of the Civil War he was captain of the Lexington
Rifles (organized in 1857); in September 1861 he succeeded in
getting out of Lexington the company’s arms after the issue
of the order for the disarming of the state guard, and late in
the same month reached the Confederate camp at Woodsonville
on the Green river. He proved himself an able scout, and
was made captain of a cavalry company and commander of a
cavalry “squadron,” including two other companies, which
in February 1862, with General A. S. Johnston’s other forces,
withdrew from Kentucky to Corinth, Mississippi. He was
commissioned a colonel after the battle of Shiloh, and in July
1862, starting from eastern Tennessee, made the first of his
famous raids. He routed a Federal force at Lebanon, destroyed
much rolling stock and other railway property, and threatened
Louisville and Cincinnati. In August and September he took
part in General Braxton Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky, and
again threatened Ohio. In December he defeated the Union
garrison at Hartsville, Tennessee, taking prisoners, valuable
stores, and many cattle; was commissioned brigadier-general
for this success; and soon afterward again raided Kentucky. To
cover Bragg’s movement from Tullahoma to Chattanooga
Morgan made, in July 1863, his famous raid into Indiana and
Ohio. Bragg had instructed him to confine himself to Kentucky,
but Morgan hoped to gain recruits in Indiana, where opposition
to the war was strong. With 2460 men he crossed the Cumberland
near Burkesville, Kentucky, on the 2nd of July; on the
5th captured a garrison at Lebanon; and on the 13th entered
Ohio near Harrison. The regular cavalry, under Generals E. H.
Hobson and James M. Shackelford, was now close behind him,
and his way was beset by quickly gathering militia. He marched
through the suburbs of Cincinnati on the night of the 13th and
on the 18th got to Portland, near Buffington Island, where
he attempted to cross on the next day; but gunboats and
steamers prevented him. In a sharp battle he lost 600 or more
men. As many more surrendered soon afterwards, and about
300 crossed the river. On the 26th he surrendered to General
Shackelford at New Lisbon. He was imprisoned with 70 of
his men in the penitentiary at Columbus, from which on the
night of the 27th of November he and six of his companions
escaped by a tunnel they had dug. In the spring of 1864 he
was put in virtual command of the Department of South-western
Virginia, which included eastern Tennessee, and late in August
he took command at Jonesboro, Georgia. On the 4th of September
he was shot in a garden in Greenville, Tennessee, having
been betrayed, it appears, to the Federals. Morgan had an
excellent eye for topographical details, and by the swiftness of
his movements and his sudden blows kept Kentucky in continual
alarm. His lieutenant, Basil W. Duke, says that his
force at no time reached 4000, but that it “killed and
wounded nearly as many of the enemy and captured more
than 15,000.”
See Basil W. Duke, History of Morgan’s Cavalry (Cincinnati, 1867).
MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913), American financier
and banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on the 17th of
April 1837, a son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), who
was a partner of George Peabody and the founder of the house
of J. S. Morgan & Co. in London. He was educated at the
English High School in Boston and at the University of Göttingen.
In 1857–1860 he worked in the New York banking
house of Duncan, Sherman & Co.; from 1860 to 1864 was agent
and attorney in New York for George Peabody & Co. of London,
and afterwards for its successor, J. S. Morgan & Co., of which
he became head; in 1864–1871 was a member of the firm of
Dabney, Morgan & Co.; and in 1871 he entered the firm of
Drexel, Morgan & Co., in which he was associated with Anthony
J. Drexel, of Philadelphia, upon whose death in 1893 he became
senior partner. In 1895 the firm became J. P. Morgan & Co.
Closely associated with Drexel & Co. of Philadelphia, Morgan,
Harjes & Co. (successors to Drexel, Harjes & Co.) of Paris, and.
Morgan, Grenfell & Co. (before 1910 J. S. Morgan & Co.) of
London, it became, largely owing to Mr Morgan’s ability, one
of the most powerful banking houses in the world. It carried
through the formation of the United States Steel Corporation
(which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others),
harmonized the coal and railway interests of Pennsylvania, and
purchased the Leyland line of Atlantic steamships and other
British lines in 1902, thus effecting an Atlantic shipping “combine”
(See Steamship Lines); and it, or the banking houses which
it succeeded, reorganized the following railways: Albany & Susquehanna
(1869); the Chesapeake & Ohio, and the Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis (1888); the Erie and the Reading
(1895); the New York & New England (1896); the Northern
Pacific (1897); the Baltimore & Ohio (1899), &c.; and in 1895
it supplied the United States government with $62,000,000 in
gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of
$100,000,000. Mr Pierpont Morgan was a prominent member
of the Protestant Episcopal Church; an enthusiastic yachtsman,
whose “Columbia” defeated the “Shamrock” in 1899 and
1901 for the “America’s” cup; a notable collector of books,
pictures, and other art objects, many loaned or given to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art (of which he was president), and
many housed in his London house and in his private library
on 36th Street, near Madison Avenue, New York City; and a
generous benefactor of the American Museum of Natural History,
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harvard University (especially
its medical school), the Lying-in Hospital of the city of New
York and the New York trade schools.
MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818–1881), American ethnologist, was born near Aurora, New York, on the 21st of November 1818. He graduated in 1840 at Union College, then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised his profession with success at Rochester, New York. Soon after leaving college Morgan went among the Iroquois, living as far as he could their life and studying their social organization. In October 1847 he was formally adopted into the Hawk gens of the Seneca tribe, and received the name “Ta-ya-da-wah-kugh.” The fruit of his researches was The League of the Iroquois (1851; new ed. 1904), which, says J. W. Powell, “was the first scientific account of an Indian tribe ever given to the world.” The success of the book encouraged him to further research, resulting in his Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1869). In 1877 he added to his reputation by publishing
