tribes on the North-West Frontier. Since 1892, however, little trouble has been experienced.
See Naga Hills District Gazetteer (Calcutta, 1905).
NAGAR, formerly Bednur, a village and ruined city of Mysore, India; pop. (1901) 715. About 1640 the seat of government of the rajas of Keladi was transferred to this place. When taken by Hyder Ali in 1763, it is said to have yielded a plunder of twelve millions. In 1783 it surrendered to a British detachment under General Matthews, but being shortly after invested by Tippoo Sultan, the garrison capitulated on condition of safe conduct to the coast. Tippoo violated the stipulation, put General Matthews and the principal officers to death, and imprisoned the remainder of the force.
NĀGĀRJUNA, a celebrated Buddhist philosopher and writer. He is constantly quoted in the literature of the later schools of Buddhism, and a very large number of works in Sanskrit is attributed to him. None of these has been critically edited or translated; and there is much uncertainty as to the exact date of his career, and as to his opinions. The most probable date seems to be the early part of the 3rd century A.D.. He seems to have been born in the south of India, and to have lived under the patronage of a king of southern Kosala, the modern Chattisgarh. Chinese and Tibetan authorities differ as to the name of this monarch; but it apparently is meant to represent an Indian name Sātavāhana, which is a dynastic title, not a personal name. Of the works he probably wrote one was a treatise advocating the Mādhyamaka views of which he is the reputed founder; another a long and poetical prose work on the stages of the Bodhisattva career; and a third a voluminous commentary on the Mahādprajñā-pārāmitā Sūtra. Chinese tradition ascribes to him special knowledge of herbs, of astrology, of alchemy and of medicine. Two medical treatises, one on prescriptions in general, the other on the treatment of eye-disease, are said, by Chinese writers, to be by him. Several poems of a didactic character are also ascribed to him. The best known of these poems is The Friendly Epistle addressed to King Udayana. A translation into English of a Tibetan version of this piece has been published by Dr Wenzel.
Authorities.—H. Wenzel, Journal of the Pali Text Society (1866), pp. 1–32; T. Watters, On Yuan Chwāng, ed. by Rhys Davids and S. W. Bushell (London, 1904–1905). Tāranātha’s Geschichte des Buddhismus in Indien, trans. Anton Schiefner (Leipzig, 1869); W. Wassiljew, Der Buddhismus (Leipzig, 1860). (T. W. R. D.)
NAGASAKI, a town on the south-west of the island of Kiushiu,
Japan, in 32° 44′ N., 129° 51′ E., with 163,324 (1905) inhabitants,
and a foreign settlement containing a population of 400 (excluding
Chinese). The first port of entry for ships coming from
the south or the west to Japan, it lies at the head of a beautiful
inlet some 3 m. long, which forms a splendid anchorage, and is
largely used by ships coming to coal and by warships. Marine
products, coal and cotton goods are the chief exports, and raw
cotton, iron, as well as other metals and materials used for
shipbuilding, constitute the principal imports. The value of imports
approaches £2,000,000 annually. That of exports has fluctuated
considerably. In 1889 it was £1,005,367, but in 1894 it was only
£444,839 and does not generally exceed £450,000. The most
important industries of the town are represented by the engine
works of Aka-no-ura, three large docks and a patent slip, the
property of the Mitsu Bishi Company. Steamers of over 6000
tons have been constructed at these docks, which, as well as the
engine works, are situated on the western shore of the inlet.
The brisk atmosphere of business that pervades them does not
reach the town on the eastern side, which lies under the shadow of
forests of tombstones that cover the over-looking hills. Nagasaki
is noted as a coaling station. The coal is obtained chiefly from
Takashima, an islet 8 m. S.E. of the entrance to the harbour,
and in lesser quantities from two other islets, Naka-no-shima
and Ha-shima, which lie about 1 m. farther out. These sources
of supply, however, show signs of exhaustion. There are several
favourite health resorts in the neighbourhood of Nagasaki,
notably Unzen, with its sulphur springs.
Nagasaki owed its earliest importance to foreign intercourse. Originally called Fukae-no-ura (Fukae Bay), it was included in the fief of Nagasaki Kotaro in the 12th century, and from him it took its name. But it remained an insignificant village until the 16th century, when, becoming the headquarters of Japanese Christianity, and subsequently the sole emporium of foreign trade in the hands of the Dutch and the Chinese, it developed considerable prosperity. The opening of the port of Moji for export trade deprived Nagasaki of its monopoly as a coaling station, and the visits of war vessels were reduced when Russia acquired Port Arthur, Great Britain Wei-hai-Wei and Germany Kiaochow. On the north side of the channel by which the harbour is entered there stands a cliff called Takaboko, which, under the name of Pappenberg, has long been rendered notorious by a tradition that thousands of Christians were precipitated from it in the 17th century because they refused to trample on the Cross. It has been conclusively proved that the legend is untrue.
NAGAUR or Nagore, a town in India, in Jodhpur state of Rajputana, with a station on the Jodhpur-Bikanir railway. Pop. (1901) 13,377. Nagaur is surrounded by a wall more than 4 m. in circuit. It has given its name to a famous breed of cattle.
NÄGELSBACH, CARL FRIEDRICH (1806–1859), German classical scholar, was born at Wöhrd near Nuremburg on the 28th of March 1806. After studying at Erlangen and Berlin, he accepted in 1827 an appointment at the Nuremberg gymnasium, and was professor of classics at Erlangen from 1842 till his death on the 21st of April 1859. Nägelsbach is chiefly known for his excellent Lateinische Stilistik (1846, 9th ed. by Ivan Müller, 1905). Two other important works by him are Die Homerische Theologie (1840; 3rd ed. by G. Autenrieth, 1886) and Die Nachhomerische Theologie (1857).
See J. L. Doederlein, Gedächtnissrede für Herrn K. F. Nägelsbach (1859); article by G. Autenrieth in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, xxiii. (1886).
NAGINA, a town of British India, in Bijnor district of the United Provinces, on the Oudh & Rohilkhand railway, 48 m. N.W. of Moradabad. Pop. (1901) 21,412. There is considerable trade in sugar, besides manufactures of guns, glassware (especially bottles for the use of pilgrims carrying the sacred water of the Ganges from Hardwar), ebony wares, hemp-sacking and cotton cloth.
NAGODE, a native state of Central India, in the Baghelkhand agency. Area, 501 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 67,092, showing a decrease of 20% in the decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, £11,000. The chief, whose title is raja, is a Rajput of the Parihar clan. The town of Nagode is 17 m. W. of the British station of Sutna. Pop. (1901) 3887. It was formerly a military cantonment, and has an Anglo-vernacular school and dispensary. The former capital (until 1720) was Unchahra.
NAGOYA, the capital of the province of Owari, Japan, on the great trunk railway of Japan, 235 m. from Tokyo and 94 m. from Kioto. Pop. (1903) 284,829. It is the fifth of the chief cities in Japan. It lies near the head of the shallow Isenumi Bay, about 30 m. from the port of Yokkaichi, with which it communicates by light-draught steamers and by rail. The castle of Nagoya, erected in 1610, never suffered in war, but in modern times became a military depôt; the interior contains much splendid decoration. The central keep of the citadel is a remarkable structure, covering close upon half an acre, but rapidly diminishing in each of its five storeys till the top room is only about 12 yds. square. Gabled roofs and hanging rafters break the almost pyramidal outline; and a pair of gold-plated dolphins 8 ft. high form a striking finial. Both were removed in 1872, and one of them was at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873; but they have been restored to their proper site. The religious buildings of Nagoya include a very fine Buddhist temple, Higashi Hongwanji. Nagoya is well known as one of the great seats of the pottery trade; 1312 m. distant are the potteries of Seto, where the first glazed pottery made in Japan was produced by Kato Shirozaemon, after a visit to China in 1229. From Kato’s time Seto continued, during several centuries, to be the chief centre of ceramic production in Japan, the manufacture of porcelain being added to that of pottery in the 19th century. All the
