the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. It was the scene of fighting between the French and the Germans in 1762 and again in 1792.
See Grödel, Bad Nauheim, seine Kurmittel (9th ed., Friedberg, 1903); Credner, Die Kurmittel in Bad Nauheim (Leipzig, 1894); Bode, Bad Nauheim, seine Kurmittel und Erfolge (Wiesbaden, 1889); and Weber, Die Park- und Waldanlagen vom Bad Nauheim (Nauheim, 1906).
NAULETTE, a large cavern on the left bank of the Lesse,
which joins the Meuse above Dinant, Belgium. Here in 1866
Edouard Dupont discovered an imperfect human lower jaw,
now in the Brussels Natural History Museum. It is of a very
ape-like type in its extreme projection and that of the teeth
sockets (teeth themselves lost), with canines very strong and
large molars increasing in size backward. It was found associated
with the remains of mammoth, rhinoceros and reindeer. The
Naulette man is now assigned to the Mousterian Epoch.
See G. de Mortillet, Le Préhistorique (1900); E. Dupont, Étude sur les fouilles scientifiques exécutées pendant l’hiver (1865–1866), p. 21.
NAUMACHIA, the Greek word denoting a naval battle (ναῦς,
ship, and μάχη, battle), used by the Romans as a term for a mimic
sea-fight. These entertainments took place in the amphitheatre,
which was flooded with water, or in specially constructed
basins (also called naumachiae). The first on record, representing
an engagement between a Tyrian and an Egyptian fleet, was given
by Julius Caesar (46 B.C.) on a lake which he constructed in the
Campus Martius. In 2 B.C. Augustus, at the dedication of the
temple of Mars Ultor, exhibited a naumachia between Athenians
and Persians, in a basin probably in the horti Caesaris, where
subsequently Titus gave a representation of a sea-fight between
Corinth and Corcyra. In that given by Claudius (A.D. 52) on
the lacus Fucinus, 19,000 men dressed as Rhodians and Sicilians
manœuvred and fought. The crews consisted of gladiators and
condemned criminals; in later times, even of volunteers.
See L. Friedländer in J. Marquandt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii. (1885) p. 558.
NAUMACHIUS, a Greek gnomic poet. Of his poems 73
hexameters (in three fragments) are preserved by Stobaeus in his
Florilegium; they deal mainly with the duty of a good wife.
From the remarks on celibacy and the allusion to a mystic
marriage it has been conjectured that the author was a Christian.
The fragments, translated anonymously into English under the title of Advice to the Fair Sex (1736), are in Gaisford’s Poëtae minores Graeci, iii. (1823).
NAUMANN, GEORG AMADEUS CARL FRIEDRICH (1797–1873),
German mineralogist and geologist, was born at Dresden
on the 30th of May 1797, the son of a distinguished musician
and composer. He received his early education at Pforta, studied
at Freiberg under Werner, and afterwards at Leipzig and Jena.
He graduated at Jena, and was occupied in 1823 in teaching in
that town and in 1824 at Leipzig. In 1826 he succeeded Mohs
as professor of crystallography, in 1835 he became professor
also of geognosy at Freiberg; and in 1842 he was appointed
professor of mineralogy and geognosy in the university of Leipzig.
At Freiberg he was charged with the preparation of a geological
map of Saxony, which he carried out with the aid of Bernhard
von Cotta in 1846. He was a man of encyclopaedic knowledge,
lucid and fluent as a teacher. Early in life (1821–1822) he
travelled in Norway, and his observations on that country, and
his subsequent publications on crystallography, mineralogy and
geology established his reputation. He was awarded the
Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London in 1868.
He died at Leipzig on the 26th of November 1873.
He published Beiträge zur Kenntniss Norwegens (2 vols., 1824); Lehrbuch der Mineralogie (1828); Lehrbuch der reinen und angewandten Krystallographie (2 vols. and atlas, 1830); Elemente der Mineralogie (1846; ed. 9, 1874; the 10th ed. by F. Zirkel, 1877); Lehrbuch der Geognosie (2 vols. and atlas, 1849–1854, ed. 2, 1858–1872).
NAUMBURG, a town of Germany, in the province of Prussian
Saxony, the seat of the provincial law courts and court of appeal
for the province and the neighbouring districts. It is situated
on the Saale, near its junction with the Unstrut, in the centre
of an amphitheatre of vine-clad hills, 29 m. S.W. from Halle,
on the railway to Weimar and Erfurt. Pop. (1905) 25,137.
The cathedral, an imposing building in the Romanesque Transition
style (1207–1242), has a Gothic choir at each end, and
contains some interesting medieval sculptures. It is remarkable
for its large crypt and its towers, a fourth having been added
in 1894, the gift of the emperor William II. There are also
four other Protestant churches (of which the town church,
dedicated to St Wenceslaus and restored in 1892–1894, possesses
two pictures by Lucas Cranach the elder), a Roman Catholic
church, a gymnasium, a modern school, an orphanage and three
hospitals. A curious feature of the town is the custom, which has
not yet died out, of labelling the houses with signs, such as the
“swan,” the “leopard” and the “lion.” The industries of the
place mainly consist in the manufacture of cotton and woollen
fabrics, chemicals, combs, beer, vinegar and leather. On the
hills to the north of the town, across the Unstrut, lies Schenkelburg,
once the residence of the poet Gellert, and noticeable
for the grotesque carvings in the sandstone rocks.
In the 10th century Naumburg was a stronghold of the margraves of Meissen, who in 1029 transferred to it the bishopric of Zeitz. In the history of Saxony it is memorable as the scene of various treaties; and in 1561 an assembly of Protestant princes was held there, which made a futile attempt to cement the doctrinal dissensions of the Protestants. In 1564 the last bishop died, and the bishopric fell to the elector of Saxony. In 1631 the town was taken by Tilly, and in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus. It became Prussian in 1814. An annual festival, with a procession of children, which is still held, is referred to an apocryphal siege of the town by the Hussites in 1432, but is probably connected with an incident in the brothers’ war (1447–51), between the elector Frederick II. of Saxony and his brother Duke William. Karl Peter Lepsius (1775–1853), the antiquary and his more distinguished son Richard the Egyptologist, were born at Naumburg.
See E. Borkowsky, Die Geschichte der Stadt Naumburg an der Saale (Stuttgart, 1897); E. Hoffmann, Naumburg an der Saale im Zeitalter der Reformation (Leipzig, 1900); S. Braun, Naumburger Annalen vom Jahre 799 bis 1613 (Naumburg, 1892); Puttrich, Naumburg an der Saale, sein Dom und andre altertümliche Bauwerke (Leipzig, 1841–1843); and Wispel, Entwickelungsgeschichte der Stadt Naumburg an der Saale (Naumburg, 1903).
NAUNTON, SIR ROBERT (1563–1635), English politician, the son of Henry Naunton of Alderton, Suffolk, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, becoming a fellow of his college in 1585 and public orator of the university in 1594. Walter Devereux, earl of Essex, enabled him to spend some time abroad,
sending information about European affairs. Having returned to England, he entered parliament in 1606 as member for Helston, and he sat in the five succeeding parliaments; in 1614 he was knighted, in 1616 he became master of requests and later surveyor of the court of wards. In 1618 his friend Buckingham procured for him the position of secretary of state. Naunton’s strong Protestant opinions led him to favour more active intervention by England in the interests of Frederick V., and more vigorous application of the laws against Roman Catholics. Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, complained to James, who censured his secretary. Consequently in 1623 Naunton resigned and was made master of the court of wards. He died at Letheringham, Suffolk, on the 27th of March 1635. Naunton’s valuable account of Queen Elizabeth’s reign was still in manuscript when he died. As Fragmenta regalia, written by Sir Robert Naunton, it was printed in 1641 and again in 1642, a revised edition, Fragmenta Regalia, or Observations on the late Queen Elizabeth, her Times and Favourites, being issued in 1653. It was again published in 1824, and an edition edited by A. Arber was brought out in 1870. It has also been printed in several collections and has been translated into French and Italian. There are several manuscript copies extant, and some of Naunton’s letters are in the British Museum and in other collections.
See Memoirs of Sir Robert Naunton (1814).
NAUPACTUS (Ital. Lepanto, mod. Gr. Epakto), a town in
the nomarchy of Acarnania and Aetolia, Greece, situated on a
bay on the north side of the straits of Lepanto. The harbour,
once the best on the northern coast of the Corinthian Gulf, is now
