the fifth, but the explanation given for this difference is that in
these lower forms the Gasserian and geniculate ganglia are not
distinct, and so fibres from the compound ganglion may pass into
either nerve. These splanchnic sensory components of the cranial
nerves evidently correspond to the branches which have already
been mentioned as the splanchnic afferent fibres of the sympathetic.
The system of the lateral line or acustico-lateralis component is sometimes regarded merely as a subdivision of the somatic sensory. It is best developed in the fish, and may be divided into pre- and post-auditory, and auditory. The pre-auditory part comprises the pit and canal end organs supplied by the seventh, and also probable the olfactory organ supplied by the first nerve. The auditory apparatus, supplied by the eighth nerve, is, according to modern opinion, undoubtedly a part of this system, while the tenth nerve sends a large branch along the lateral line supplying the special end organs of the post-auditory part. All these components of the lateral line pass to the tuberculum acusticum in the fourth ventricle, as well as to the cerebellum, which J. B. Johnston (Zool. Bull. 1, 5, p. 221, Boston) regards as a derivative of the rostral (anterior) end of the acusticum. In mammals no doubt the olfactory and auditory apparatus and nerves have the same morphological significance as in fishes, but the seventh does not supply any cutaneous sense organs on the head or face, and the only vestige of the post-auditory supply of the tenth nerve to the lateral line is the small auricular branch of the vagus, often called Arnold’s nerve.
The following table, slightly modified from the one drawn up by J. McMurrich, gives a fair idea of the present state of our knowledge of the nerve components in the Mammalia.
| Nerve | Ventral Motor. |
Lateral Motor. |
Somatic Sensory. |
Splanchnic Sensory. |
Lateral Line. | |
| I. | ＋ (?) | |||||
| II.1 | ||||||
| III. | ＋ | |||||
| IV. | ＋ | |||||
| V. | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | |||
| VI. | ＋ | |||||
| VII. | ＋ | ＋ | ||||
| VIII. | ＋ | |||||
| IX. | ||||||
| X. | + | + | + | + | ||
| XI. | ||||||
| XII. | + | |||||
| Spinal | + | (?) | + | + | ||
1 A tract of the brain.
For further details and literature of the nervous system see Quain’s Anatomy (latest edition); R. Wiedersheim’s Comp. Anat. of Vertebrates (Lond. 1907); Bronn’s Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs; C. S. Minot’s Human Embryology (1892); McMurrich’s Development of the Human Body (London, 1906). For the theory of nerve components see Onèra Merritt, Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. 39, p. 199. A general discussion on the comparative anatomy and morphology of limb plexuses will be found in Miss C. W. Saberton’s paper on the “Nerve Plexuses of Troglodytes Niger” Studies in Anatomy, University of Manchester, vol. iii. (1906), p. 165. She refers to most of the literature on the subject, but the papers of H. Braus, Jena Zeitschr. v. 31 (1898), p. 239 on fish, of M. Davidoff, Morph. Jahrb. v. 5 (1879), p. 450 on the pelvic plexuses of fish, and of M. Fürbringer, Gegenb. Festschr. v. 3 (1897), on the spino-occipital nerves and brachial plexus of fish, are also very important. (F. G. P.)
NESFIELD, WILLIAM EDEN (1835–1888), British architect,
one of the leaders of the Gothic revival in England, was born
in Bath on the 2nd of April 1835. His father, Major William
Andrew Nesfield, a well-known landscape gardener, laid out
Regent’s Park and St James’s Park, and remodelled Kew.
Educated at Eton, Nesfield was articled first to Mr Burn, a
classicist, and then to his uncle, Anthony Salvin, who took the
Gothic side in the “battle of the styles.” Nesfield travelled
for study in France, Italy and Greece, afterwards publishing a
volume, Sketches from France and Italy (London, 1862), which
became one of the text-books of the Gothic revival. In 1859
Nesfield settled down in London. His first important commission
was to build a new wing to Combe Abbey for Lord Craven. In
1862 began a nominal partnership with Norman Shaw, the fruits
of which have been exaggerated; they shared rooms in Argyle
Street for some years, but never collaborated. It was in Argyle
Street that the principal work of Nesfield’s life was conceived—Combe
Abbey, Cloverly Hall and Kinmel Park. Here he showed
a mastery of planning and construction, a conscientious regard
for detail, an eye for the picturesque, an unfailing regard for
dignity, which make his achievements landmarks in the history
of his art. He built the lodge in Regent’s Park (1864) and that
in Kew Gardens (1866). Combe Abbey and Cloverly are somewhat
“early French” in style, but as Nesfield developed he
adopted a purely English manner, and presented his newer ideas
in Loughton Hall and Kinmel Park. The gate lodge at Kinmel
Park, Abergele, is entirely “English Renaissance”; Cloverly
Hall (1864), planned when he was twenty-nine, with its great
hall, fine approaches to the staircase, and the staircase itself,
is already half English, and Eastlake, in his History of Gothic
Revival, praises it on that very ground. The full development
of the revived classic taste in Nesfield came with his addition to
Kinmel Park—red brick, stone dressings, grey-green slated roofs—which
elevated that originally unpretentious 18th-century
building into a small Renaissance palace. For contrast in style,
harmonious as they are in artistic expression, Cloverly and
Kinmel are the typical examples of the artist’s style. Other
works are Farnham Royal House near Slough, Lea Wood,
Loughton Hall and Westcombe Park. His more notable urban
works are the bank at Saffron Walden (1873), and the Rose
and Crown Hotel; they stand next door to each other and exhibit
another contrast, the former being medieval and the latter what
is called “Queen Anne.” Though he built no new important
church, Nesfield rebuilt the Early Decorated St Mary’s, Farnham
Royal, near Slough, mainly on the old lines. He restored, King’s
Walden church, Herts (1868), and Radwinter church, Essex
(1871), and Cora church near Whitchurch, Salop; but no great.
public building came from him. Nesfield’s career was a comparatively
short one. On the 3rd of September 1885 he married
Mary Annetta, eldest daughter of John Sebastian Gwilt and
granddaughter of Joseph Gwilt, and he retired from practice some
years before his death at Brighton on the 25th of March 1888.
He left behind him a valuable series of sketches and measured
drawings, most of which are now in the library of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. (J. M. By.)
NESLE, the name of a place in France (dep. of Somme), which
gave its name to an old feudal family. This family became
extinct at the beginning of the 13th century, and the heiress
brought the lordship to the family of Clermont in Beauvaisis.
Simon de Clermont, seigneur de Nesle, was regent of the kingdom
of France during the second crusade of St Louis. Raoul de
Clermont, constable of France, and Guy I. (d. 1302) and Guy II.
(d. 1352) de Clermont, both marshals of France, were members of
the family. The lordship of Nesle was erected into a countship
for Charles de Sainte-Maure in 1467 and into a marquisate
for Louis de Sainte-Maure in 1546. It was acquired in 1666 by
Louis Charles de Mailly. His grandson, Louis de Mailly, had five
daughters, of whom four (the countess of Mailly, the duchess
of Lauragais, the countess of Vintimille, and the marquise de
la Tournelle, afterwards duchess of Châteauroux) were successively,
or simultaneously, mistresses of Louis XV.
NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (1780–1862), Russian diplomatist and statesman, was born on the 14th of December 1780 at Lisbon, where his father (d. 1810) was Russian ambassador. In deference to his mother’s Protestantism he was baptized in the chapel of the British embassy, thus becoming a member of the Church of England. The Nesselrodes were of Westphalian origin, but had long been settled in Livonia. Nesselrode’s German origin was emphasized by his education in a Berlin gymnasium, his father having been appointed ambassador to the Prussian court about 1787. When he was sixteen he entered the Russian navy, and his father’s influence procured for him the position of naval aide-de-camp to the emperor Paul. He presently exchanged into the army, obtained a further court appointment, and entered the diplomatic service. Nesselrode was attached to the Russian embassy at Berlin, and transferred thence to the Hague. In August 1806 he received a commission to travel in South Germany to report on the French troops; he was then attached as diplomatic secretary to Generals Kamenski, Buxhoewden and Bennigsen in succession. He was present at the battle of Eylau in January 1807, and assisted at the negotiation of the peace of Tilsit. Immediately afterwards
