island is subject to severe storms, the climate is healthy, the average temperature being 82° F. Sugar, rum and molasses are exported, and corn, yams, coffee and fruit are grown. There are medicinal springs and large deposits of sulphur. The chief town, Charlestown, lies on a wide bay on the S.W. The legislative council of St Kitts-Nevis meets at Basseterre, the capital of St Kitts. Nevis was discovered by Columbus in 1498 and first colonized in 1628 by the English from St Kitts. During the period of the slave trade it was a leading mart for slaves in the West Indies.
NEVYANSK, Nevyanskiy or Neyvinskiy Zavod, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, 57 m. by rail N.N.W. of
Ekaterinburg, on the eastern slope of the Ural mountains, in the
populous mountain valley of the Neyva, in a district very rich
in iron and auriferous sands. Pop. (1881) 13,980; (1897) about
16,000, all Great-Russians and mostly Nonconformists, who are
employed, partly at the iron-works, partly in various small
industries, such as the manufacture of boxes, widely sold in
Siberia, iron wares and boots, and partly in agriculture. The
iron-works at Nevyansk are the oldest in the Urals, having been
founded in 1699. In 1702 Peter the Great presented them to
Demidov, with 3,900,000 acres of land. Several other ironworks
are situated within a short distance, the chief being
Verkhne-Neyvinsk, 18 m. S.; Neyvo-Rudyansk, 8 m. S.;
Petrokamensk, 32 m. N.E.; Neyvo-Shaitansk, 20 m. lower down
the Neyva; and Neyvo-Alapayevsk, 64 m. N.E. of Nevyansk.
NEW ABBEY, a parish and village of Kirkcudbrightshire,
Scotland. Pop. of parish (1901) 957. The hill of Criffel and
Loch Kinder are situated within the parish boundaries. The
lake contains two islets, of which one was a crannog and the other
the site of an ancient kirk. The village, which lies 612 m. S. of
Maxwelltown, is famous for the ruin of Sweetheart Abbey, a
Cistercian house built in 1275 by Devorguila in memory of her
husband John de Baliol, who had died at Barnard Castle in 1269.
His heart, embalmed and enshrined in a coffin of ebony and
silver, which she always kept beside her, was, at her death in
1290, buried with her in the precincts of the abbey, which thus
acquired its name (Abbacia Dulcis Cordis, or Douxquer). The
building afterwards became known as the New Abbey, to distinguish
it from the older foundation at Dundrennan, which had
been erected in 1142 by Fergus of Galloway. The remains of the
abbey chiefly consist of the shell of the beautiful Cruciform
church, with a central saddleback tower rising from the transepts
to a height of over 90 ft., and a graceful rose window at the
west end of the nave. Most of the work is Early English with
Decorated additions. The abbot’s tower, a stately relic, stands
about 12 m. N.E. of the abbey.
NEW ALBANY, a city and the county-seat of Floyd county, Indiana, U.S.A., on the N. bank of the Ohio river, at the head of low water navigation, nearly opposite Louisville, Kentucky, with which it is connected by three railway bridges, and 156 m.
below Cincinnati, Ohio. Pop. (1890) 21,059; (1900) 20,628, of whom 1363 were foreign-born and 1905 negroes; (1910) 20,629.
It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio South-western, the
Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St Louis and the Southern railways, by electric
railways to Louisville, Indianapolis, &c., and by steamboats
on the Ohio; it is connected by a belt line with the Louisville &
Nashville, the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Illinois Central and other
railways. The city is situated on an elevated plateau above the
river, in an amphitheatre of wooded hills. It has a good public
library, a well organized public school system and several private
schools and academies. Within the city limits is a national
cemetery. The manufactures include leather, iron, foundry
and machine shop products, furniture and veneer, lumber,
cotton goods and hosiery, distilled liquors and stoves. The value
of the factory products in 1905 was $4,110,709, 13% more than
in 1900. Originally settled about the beginning of the 19th
century, New Albany was platted in 1813 and was chartered
as a city in 1839. The city owed much of its early industrial
importance to the plate-glass works successfully established
here by Washington Charles de Pauw (1822–1887), who endowed
the De Pauw College for Young Women (opened as the Indiana
Asbury Female College in 1852). The glass works left the city
because of the superior and cheaper fuel supplied by natural
gas in central Indiana. The De Pauw College for Young Women
was relatively unimportant after the endowment of Indiana
Asbury University (now De Pauw University) by W. C. de
Pauw in 1883, but it continued to give instruction until 1903.
NEW AMSTERDAM, a town of British Guiana, situated in 6° 20′ N. and 59° 15′ W. on the east bank of the Berbice river,
about 4 m. from the mouth. Formerly the capital of the colony
of Berbice, it is now the capital of the county of that name.
It is a picturesque little town composed almost entirely of wooden
houses, having a population estimated in 1904 at 7459. The
Colony House, standing in handsome grounds beside the small
but pretty botanical gardens, was formerly the residence of the
governor and the seat of the legislature, and now contains the
treasury and supreme courts. The town is lighted by municipally
owned electric works, and contains various government institutions,
a town hall and market. The local government is
vested in a mayor and town council, the revenue (a little over
£12,000 annually) being mainly raised by a direct rate on house
property. The expenditure is principally on streets, street
lighting, fire brigade, water supply and drainage. New Amsterdam
is connected by ferry and rail with Georgetown, to which
there is also a bi-weekly steamer service.
NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, Lord (1601–1682), Scottish general, was born in 1601, the fifth son of Sir Patrick Leslie of Pitcairly, Fifeshire, commendator of Lindores, and Lady Jean Stuart, daughter of the 1st earl of Orkney. In his early life he served in the army of Gustavus Adolphus, where he rose to the rank of colonel of cavalry. In 1640 he returned to his native country to take part in the impending war for the Covenant. In 1643, when a Scottish army was formed to intervene in the English Civil War (see Great Rebellion) and placed under the command of Alexander Leslie, earl of Leven, the foremost living Scottish soldier, Leslie was selected as Leven’s major-general. This army engaged the Royalists under Prince Rupert at Marston Moor, and Leslie bore a particularly distinguished part in the battle. He was then sent into the north-western counties, and besieged and took Carlisle. When, after the battle of Kilsyth, Scotland was at the mercy of Montrose and his army, Leslie was recalled from England in 1645, and made lieutenant-general of horse. In September he surprised and routed Montrose at Philiphaugh near Selkirk, and was rewarded by the committee of estates with a present of 50,000 merks and a gold chain; but his victory was marred by the butchery of the captured Irish—men, women and children—to whom quarter had been given. He was then declared lieutenant-general of the forces, and, in addition to his pay as colonel, had a pension settled on him. Leslie returned to England and was present at the siege of Newark. On his return to Scotland he reduced several of the Highland clans that supported the cause of the king. In 1648 he refused to take part in the English expedition of the “engagers,” the enterprise not having the sanction of the Kirk. In 1649 he purchased the lands of Abercrombie and St Monance, Fifeshire. In 1650 he was sent against Montrose, who was defeated and captured by Major Strachan, Leslie’s advanced guard commander; and later in the year, all parties having for the moment combined to support Charles II., Leslie was appointed to the chief command of the new army levied for the purpose on behalf of Charles II. The result, though disastrous, abundantly demonstrated Leslie’s capacity as a soldier, and it might be claimed for him that Cromwell and the English regulars proved no match for him until his movements were interfered with and his army reduced to indiscipline by the representatives of the Kirk party that accompanied his headquarters. After Dunbar Leslie fought a stubborn defensive campaign up to the crossing of the Forth by Cromwell, and then accompanied Charles to Worcester, where he was lieutenant-general under the king, who commanded in person. On the defeat of the royal army Leslie, intercepted in his retreat through Yorkshire, was committed to the Tower, where he remained till the Restoration
