21,441, of whom 6575 were foreign-born and 259 negroes; (1905 state census) 23,659. At New Brighton is the Sailors’ Snug Harbor, founded under the will of Robert Richard Randall (c. 1740–1801), who in 1771 became a member of the Marine Society of New York (an organization for the relief of indigent masters of vessels and their families), and in 1790 bought from Baron Poelnitz the “Minto farm,” about 21 acres of land in what is now the Fifteenth Ward of the Borough of Manhattan. This tract, with four lots in what is now the First Ward of Manhattan, and cash and stocks to the value of about $10,000 Randall (who himself seems to have followed the sea for a time, and was called “Captain”) bequeathed to a board of trustees, directing that the income should be used “for the purpose of maintaining and supporting aged, decrepit and worn-out sailors,” who had served at least five years under the American flag, and that the institution established for this purpose should be called “the Sailors’ Snug Harbor.” The will was bitterly contested by relatives, but finally was fully upheld in 1830 by the United States Supreme Court. The Sailors’ Snug Harbor was incorporated in 1806, and its charter was amended in 1828 to permit the building of the institution on Staten Island rather than on the Randall estate, which had already greatly increased in value. In 1833 the institution, with lands covering 160 acres, was opened in New Brighton with about 50 inmates. Randall’s body was removed to the grounds in 1834, and buried under a marble monument, and in 1884 a life-size bronze statue of him, by Augustus Saint Gaudens, was placed in front of the main building. In 1909 the institution comprised the main building, a hospital, a chapel, a parsonage, residences for the officials, and several other buildings. The inmates (about 1000 in 1909) employ themselves at simple trades, or at work about the grounds; the use of intoxicating liquors is strictly prohibited, but the men are furnished with plenty of tobacco, and are well cared for. The present immense value of the land bequeathed by Randall makes Snug Harbor one of the most liberally endowed charitable institutions in New York City. At New Brighton are also a Home for Destitute Children of Seamen, founded in 1846 at Stapleton, Staten Island, removed to a new building on the Snug Harbor property in 1852, and maintained by contributions and gifts; and the Samuel R. Smith Infirmary, founded in 1861 by the Medical Society of Richmond county, and named in honour of a Staten Island physician. At New Brighton there are dry docks, paper and plaster mills, and silk-dyeing and printing works. The village as incorporated in 1866 included the northern half of the township of Castleton, and as reincorporated in 1872 included all of that township.
NEW BRIGHTON, a borough of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on Beaver river, 2 m. from its confluence with the Ohio and 28 m. N.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. (1890) 5616, (1900) 6820 (487 foreign-born and 179 negroes); (1910) 8329. It is served by the Pennsylvania railway, and is connected by bridge with
Beaver Falls. The borough has a public art gallery, a public park and a general hospital. Coal and fireclay abound in the
vicinity, the Beaver river furnishes good water power, and the
borough has various manufactures. New Brighton was laid out
as a town in 1815 and was incorporated as a borough in 1838.
NEW BRITAIN, a city of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A., near the centre of the state, about 9 m. S.W. of the city of Hartford; land area 13·09 sq. m. in 1906. Pop. (1890) of the township, including the city, 19,007; of the city, 16,519; (1900) of the township, including the city, 28,202; of the city, 25,998, of whom 9293 were foreign-born, including 1869 Irish and 1811 Swedes, who have a weekly published here; (1910 census) 43,916. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, and by several inter-urban electric railways. The city is the seat of a state normal school, and has a free public library, formerly the New Britain Institute, and a public park of about 100 acres. New Britain is an important manufacturing centre; its principal products are hardware, cutlery and edge tools, hosiery, and foundry and machine shop products. In 1905 the capital invested in manufacturing was $19,979,712 (an increase of 45·1% since 1900) and the value of the factory products was $14,959,543 (an increase of 34·8%). More than one-half of the product-value was in hardware ($7,537,625).
New Britain, which was settled in 1687, was originally a part of the township of Farmington. On account of ecclesiastical difficulties the “New Britain Society”—a parish—was organized in 1754. New Britain became a part of Berlin when that township was established in 1785. In 1850 the township of New Britain was incorporated, and in 1871 the city was chartered. By act of the state legislature in 1905 the township of New Britain and the city of New Britain were consolidated; the first election under the new charter was in April 1906. The city was one of the first in the country to build a municipal subway for electric light, telephone and telegraph wires.
See D. N. Camp’s History of New Britain (New Britain, 1889).
NEW BRUNSWICK, a province of the Dominion of Canada, lying between 45° 2′ and 48° 3′ N . and 63° 46′ and 69° 3′ W. Its length from N. to S. is 230 m., its greatest breadth 190 m.,
and it has a seaboard of about 550 m.
Physical Features.—The surface is generally undulating, but in the north and north-west of the province are many ranges of hills from 1000 to 2000 ft. in height, rising in Bald Mountain to 2400 ft. These elevations are an extension of the Appalachian Mountains and traverse the province from the state of Maine. This whole section of the province is densely wooded. The southern region embraces the district along the Bay of Fundy. Its coast is rocky and bold and interrupted by ravines. Inland the numerous rivers, flowing through the soft sandstone and conglomerate rocks, have cut broad valleys, the soil of which is extremely rich and fertile. Along the shores on the east coast, and for some miles inland, the country is flat and composed of mosses and marshes, but beyond that distance it rises into gently sloping hills, which extend as far as St John. New Brunswick is a network of rivers, bays and lakes, several of which are navigable for vessels of large tonnage. The principal rivers are the St John, Miramichi, Restigouche, Saint Croix, Petitcodiac, Richibucto and Nipisiguit. The St John, which is famous for its scenery, rises in the state of Maine and is over 450 m. in length. It is navigable for vessels of moderate tonnage from St John on the Bay of Fundy to Fredericton, a distance of about 88 m., but steamers of light draught ply as far as Woodstock, 65 m. farther, and during the rainy season boats go as far as Grand Falls, a cataract 70 or 80 ft. high, 225 m. from the sea. Among the many lakes which it drains is Grand Lake, 20 m. long, and varying from 3 to 9 m. in breadth. The Miramichi flows N.E. into a bay of the same name. It is 225 m. long, 7 m. wide at its mouth, and navigable as far as Nelson (46 m.). In the spring and autumn small steamers and barges go much farther up. With its branches it drains a fourth of the province. A large lumber trade is done in this district, and many saw-mills are driven by the river. The Restigouche forms the north-east boundary of the province, is 100 m. in length and flows into the Bay of Chaleur. It is composed of five main branches, its name signifying in Indian “the river which divides like the hand.” Large vessels may safely navigate it 18 m. from the bay. With its tributaries it drains over 4000 sq. m. of fertile and well-wooded country. The St Croix separates New Brunswick from the state of Maine at its south-west angle. Its source is a chain of lakes called the Chiputneticook. The Petitcodiac is navigable for 25 m. for ships, and schooners of 80 tons burden may proceed to the head of the tide, 12 m. farther; it empties into Shepody Bay. The Richibucto discharges into the Gulf of St Lawrence. The Nipisiguit and Tobique (a tributary of the St John) in the N. are in much repute among anglers.
The coast-line of New Brunswick is indented with numerous fine bays and harbours. The Bay of Fundy is an arm of the sea separating New Brunswick from Nova Scotia and terminating in two smaller bays, Chignecto Bay and the Basin of Minas. Its length up to Chignecto Bay is 140 m. and its extreme breadth 45 m. It is noted for its high tides, which rise about 30 ft. at St John and over 50 ft. at the head of Chignecto Bay. At Bay Verte, 14 m. distant, on the opposite side of the Isthmus of Chignecto, the tide rises little more than 4 or 5 ft. The Bay of
