The larger papers of Columbus are the Ohio State Journal (morning, 1811), the Press-Post (evening, 1827), the Citizen (evening, 1899), and the Express und Westbote (weekly, 1880; Sunday, 1878; daily, 1890—the different editions being under different names). The News of Springfield has a weekly edition, the Weekly Republic, which was founded in 1817. The Toledo Blade (daily, 1848; weekly, 1835) before and during the Civil War contained the attacks on slavery and on political abuses written by “Petroleum V. Nasby,” i.e. David Ross Locke (1833–1888); The first of these letters (signed “Rev. Petroleum Vesuvious Nasby”) appeared in the Jeffersonian of Findlay, Ohio, in 1860, when he was its editor. He had edited small papers in Plymouth and Mansfield (O.) before his connexion with the Blade; in 1871 he became managing editor of the Evening Mail of New York City. Will Carleton (b. 1845) was a member of the Blade’s staff, and contributed to the Blade his first “ballads.” The News-Bee (evening) of Toledo was formed by the consolidation in 1903 of the Times (1846), News (1888) and Bee (1894), and has a morning edition called the Times and a Sunday edition called the Times-Bee. The Zanesville Courier (Republican; daily, 1846) has a weekly edition dating from 1809 (originally the Muskingum Messenger).
Among the smaller newspapers of Ohio the following are more than 100 years old: the Western Star of Lebanon (weekly, 1806); the Ohio Patriot of Lisbon (weekly, 1808; daily and semi-weekly, 1898); and the Journal of Dayton (morning, 1808).
Illinois.—The first newspaper in Illinois was the Illinois Herald (1814; succeeded in 1815 by the Illinois Intelligencer) of Kaskaskia (then the seat of government); it removed to Vandalia, which then became the capital, in 1820; it became the Vandalia Whig and Illinois Intelligencer in 1832; and it ceased publication about 1839, when Springfield became the capital.
The principal papers in Illinois are naturally those of Chicago. The Chicago Tribune (morning; 1847) succeeded The Gem of the Prairie (1844), and a weekly edition was for a time continued under that name. In August 1848 John Locke Scripps (1818–1866) bought a third interest in the Tribune and became its managing editor. In 1852 he sold it to a syndicate of Whig politicians. A part (in 1855) and eventually the whole (in 1874) was bought by Joseph Medill (1823–1899). Horace White (b. 1834) was a reporter on the Tribune in 1856, and was its editor and one of its proprietors in 1864–1874; from 1883 to 1903 he was editor-in-chief of the New York Evening Post. In 1858 the Daily Democratic Press, which J. L. Scripps had established in 1852 with William Bross, was consolidated with the Tribune as the Press and Tribune; in 1860 the name became the Tribune again; the Tribune Company was incorporated in 1861, with J. L. Scripps as its president. The first newspaper published in Chicago, the Democrat (November 1833), was merged with the Daily Tribune in 1861. The Inter-Ocean (morning; 1872), under the editorship (from 1897) of George Wheeler Hinman (b. 1863), has made a specialty of foreign affairs. The News (evening; 1875) was founded and developed by Melville E. Stone (b. 1848) as a one-cent evening paper. After 1883 Eugene Field contributed to this paper his column “Sharps and Flats,” including much verse. In 1888 Victor Fremont Lawson (b. 1850), who had been associated with Stone, acquired the paper. The Record (morning; 1881), started by Lawson, was consolidated in 1901 with the Herald (1881) as the Record-Herald. The Evening Post dates from 1889. In 1900 W. R. Hearst established in Chicago two papers, Hearst’s Evening American and the Examiner (the name assumed in 1902 for his morning American). The Chicago German papers include the Freie Presse (evening and weekly; 1871), the Staats-Zeitung (daily, 1847, weekly—Westen und Daheim—1845; evening edition, the Abend Presse) and Abendpost (1899). The Skandinaven (semi-weekly, 1866; daily, 1871) is an important Norwegian-Danish paper; and there are large Bohemian and Polish dailies.
In Springfield, the state capital, there are two party journals, the Illinois State Journal (Republican; semi-weekly, 1831; daily, 1848) and the Illinois State Register (Democratic; weekly, 1836; daily, 1848).
Michigan.—The Detroit Free Press (morning, 1835; with a weekly agricultural edition, Farm and Live Stock Journal, 1831) was particularly known in 1869–1891 for the humorous sketches of Charles Bertrand Lewis (b. 1842), who wrote under the pseudonym “M. Quad.” The News (morning, 1873) was established by J. E. Scripps (1835–1906).
Missouri.—The oldest paper is the Republic of St Louis, formerly the Republican, founded as a weekly in July 1808, by Joseph Charless, an Irishman who had worked on the Kentucky Gazette in Lexington; it was called first the Missouri Gazette, then (1809) the Louisiana Gazette, then (1812) the Missouri Gazette again, and then (1822) the Missouri Republican, and in 1886–1888 the St Louis Republican; the present name was adopted in 1888. Its first daily issue was in September 1836 and the first Sunday issue in 1848. The Republican was originally a Jeffersonian Democratic paper; it opposed Thos. H. Benton; it supported Wm. Henry Harrison in 1840, and became a Whig organ; and from 1856 was a Democratic paper. A cause célèbre was the trial in 1830 for the impeachment of judge James H. Peck of the U.S. District Court for Missouri, who had suspended from practice for 18 months and had imprisoned for 24 hours an attorney, Luke Edward Lawless, who had criticized in the Republican Judge Peck’s decision in a Spanish land grant case, which was adverse to Lawless, attorney for the plaintiff. William Wirt appeared for Peck, and he was acquitted. Since 1837 the paper has been almost continuously the property of the Knapp and Paschall families. In 1871 the Republican purchased a Walter press from The Times of London; it introduced stereotyping in 1860, probably before any other newspaper. The Globe-Democrat (morning; Republican, 1852) of St Louis early became a valuable property: in 1872 it was sold for $456,100. In St Louis in 1833–1836 Elijah P. Lovejoy published the Observer, primarily a religious paper, which because of local opposition to its attacks on slavery he removed in July 1836 to Alton, Ill., where he was killed by a mob.
The Post-Dispatch (evening, 1851) is a consolidation made in 1878 by its proprietor Joseph Pulitzer. Pulitzer’s first newspaper experience was in 1868 as a reporter on the Westliche Post (morning, 1857) of St Louis, which has an evening edition, the Anzeiger, a Sunday edition, Mississippi Blaetter, and a semi-weekly and weekly edition, Anzeiger des Westens. Carl Schurz was editor of the Westliche Post in 1867. Another German newspaper in St Louis is Amerika (morning; 1872).
The two principal dailies of Kansas City are the Star (evening, 1880–1881; with a morning edition, the Times, 1838, and a Weekly Star, 1890), founded by William R. Nelson (b. 1841); and the Journal (morning, 1854; with a weekly edition). The News-Press (News, 1878; Press, 1902; evening) is the principal paper of St Joseph.
North Carolina.—The Observer (weekly, 1817; daily, 1896) of Fayetteville. The News and Observer (daily; News, 1872; Observer, 1876) and North Carolinian (weekly, 1892) of Raleigh.
South Carolina.—The News and Courier of Charleston (Courier, established 1803 by Loring Andrews, d. 1805, of Hingham, Mass.; News, 1865; consolidated, 1873). The City Gazette of Charleston (founded in 1783 as the South Carolina Weekly Gazette) was edited by W. G. Simms in 1828–1833, but then failed, after bravely attempting to oppose Nullification, and was finally purchased by the Courier. The State of Columbia (1891) is one of the most influential papers in the South.
Alabama.—The News (evening, 1887) and Age-Herald (morning, 1887) of Birmingham. The Mercury of Huntsville (weekly, 1816; daily, 1885). The Register of Mobile (weekly, 1821). The Advertiser of Montgomery (1828). The Morning Times of Selma (weekly edition, 1825.
Georgia.—The Constitution of Atlanta (daily, 1868; weekly, 1870): Henry W. Grady (1851–1889), the orator, was its editor and proprietor-in-part from 1880 until his death; Joel Chandler Harris was an editor (1890–1901) and contributed the Uncle Remus sketches; Frank Lebby Stanton (b. 1857) is well known as a contributor of humorous paragraphs and excellent verse. The Journal of Atlanta (1883; semi-weekly, 1885); its proprietor in 1887–1898 was Hoke Smith (b. 1855), U.S. Secretary of the Interior in 1893–1896, and governor of Georgia in 1907–1909. The Chronicle of Augusta (1785, semi-weekly; now semi-weekly and, since 1837, daily); originally the Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State, in 1821 it became the Augusta Chronicle and Georgia Gazette (then Advertiser); in 1835, the Augusta Chronicle; in 1837, when it incorporated the State’s Rights Sentinel—edited for about a dozen years by Judge Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790–1870), son of the inventor William Longstreet, and author of Georgia Scenes (1840)—the Daily Chronicle and Sentinel; in 1877, after merging with the Constitutionalist (founded before 1800), the Chronicle and Constitutionalist; James R. Randall (1839–1908), author of “Maryland, my Maryland,” was senior editor of the Chronicle for some time, having been connected with the Constitutionalist after 1866. The Enquirer-Sun of Columbus (weekly, 1828; daily, 1858). The Telegraph of Macon (semi-weekly, 1826; now daily also). The Union-Recorder of Milledgeville (the Federal Union, 1829, and the Southern Recorder, 1819, united in 1872). The Tribune of Rome (1843). The Morning News of Savannah (1850).
