Toulouse, lat. 43° 36′ 45·0″, long. 0 h. 5 m. 49·9 s. E. Erected in 1841 (Darquier had observed at the Lyceum towards the end of the 18th century); reorganized 1873; 9‑in. refr. and 13‑in. phot. refr. by Gautier, 13‑in. and 32-in. refl.
Nice, lat. +43° 43′ 16·9″, long. 0 h. 29 m. 12·2 s. E., founded and endowed by R. L. Bischoffsheim for the Bureau de Longitude (1880), situated at Mont Gros, north-east of Nice; a refr. of 30-in. ap. by Henry and Gautier, a meridian circle by Brunner of 8-in. ap., 15‑in. refr. and 1534-in. equat. coudée by Henry and Gautier.
Abbadia (Basses Pyrénées), lat. +43° 22′ 52·2″, long. 0 h. 7 m. 0·1s. W. Founded by A. d’Abbadie, 1858, belongs now to the Paris Acad. of Science. 6‑in. transit circle.
Germany
Altona, lat. +53° 32′ 45·3″, long. 0 h. 39 m. 46·1 s. E. Founded in 1823 by the Danish government to assist in the geodetic operations in Holstein. A meridian circle by Reichenbach (of 4‑in. ap.) was procured, to which in 1858 was added a 412-in. equat. by Repsold. The obs. is best known by the fact that the Astronomische Nachrichten, the principal astronomical journal, was published here from 1821 (by H. C. Schumacher up to 1850, by C. F. W. Peters from 1854). The obs. was moved to Kiel in 1874.
Bamberg, lat. +49° 53′ 6·0″, long. 0 h. 43 m. 33·6 s. E. Founded and endowed by the late Dr K. Remeis, completed 1889; 712-in. heliometer by Merz and Repsold, 1012-in. refr. by Schröder.
Berlin, royal obs., lat. +52° 30′ 16·7″, long. 0 h. 53 m. 34·9 s. E. Was erected in 1705 as part of the building of the Academy of Sciences (lat. +52° 31′ 12·5″, long. 0 h. 53 m. 35 s. E.), a very unsuitable locality. A new obs. was built in the southern part of the city, finished in 1835. Refr. by Utzschneider and Fraunhofer of 9‑in. ap. (used chiefly for obs. of minor planets), a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 4‑in. ap., another by the same makers of 7-in. ap.
Berlin, obs. of Urania Society for diffusing natural knowledge, lat. +52° 31′ 30·7″, long. 0 h. 53 m. 27·4 s. E. Opened 1889; 12‑in. refr. by Schott. In the Treptow Chaussee is a popular obs. with a 27-in. refr. by Schott and Steinheil.
Bonn, univ. obs., lat. +50° 43′ 45·0″, long. 0 h. 28 m. 23·2 s. E. Finished in 1845; meridian circle by Pistor of 412-in. ax., heliometer by Merz of 6-in. ap. The former was .used by F. W. A. Argelander for observing the stars contained in his three great catalogues. The obs. is chiefly known by the zone obs., made from 1852 to 1859, with a small comet-seeker, on which Argelander’s great atlas of 324,198 stars between the north pole and −2° decl. is founded, continued with a 6‑in. refr. from −2° to −31° decl. by Schönfeld. A meridian circle of 6-in. ap. by Repsold was mounted in 1882.
Bothkamp, F. G. von Bülow’s obs., lat. +54° 12′ 9·6″, long. 0 h. 40 m. 31·2 s. E. Situated a few miles from Kiel, founded in 1870. With a refr. of 11-in. ap. by Schröder, Dr K. H. Vogel obtained valuable results in 1871–1874; since then it has only been used occasionally.
Bremen. In the third storey of his house in Sandstrasse, H. W. M. Olbers (d. 1840) had his obs., lat. +53° 4′ 38″, long. 0 h. 35 m. 10 s. E.; though the principal instrument was only a 334-in. refr. by Dollond, many comets and the planets Pallas and Vesta were discovered and observed here.
Breslau, univ. obs., lat. +51° 6′ 55·8″, long. 1 h. 8 m. 8·7 s. E. Founded 1790. In a small and unsuitable locality; 8-in. refr. by Clark and Repsold erected 1898.
Dresden, Baron von Engelhardt’s obs., lat. +51° 2′ 16·8″, long. 0 h. 54 m. 54·8 s. E. A 12-in. refr. by Grubb (mounted 1880), used for obs. of comets and double stars, presented to Kasan obs. in 1897.
Düsseldorf (Bilk, originally a suburb, now part of the city), lat. +51° 12′ 25·0″, long. 0 h. 27 m. 5·5 s. E. Founded and endowed by Professor J. F. Benzenberg (d. 1846); best known by the discovery of twenty-one minor planets by K. T. R. Luther; 412-in. refr. by Merz, 712-in. refr. by Merz and Bamberg.
Gotha.—In 1791 an obs. was founded by Duke Ernest II. at Seeberg, lat. +50° 56′ 5·2″, long. 0 h. 42 m. 55·8 s. E., on a hill a few miles from Gotha, the chief instrument being a large transit instrument by Ramsden. Through the labours, principally theoretical, of F. X. Zach, B. A. von Lindenau, J. F. Encke and P. A. Hansen, the institution ranked with the first obs. A new obs. was built at Gotha in 1857, lat. +50° 56′ 37·5″, long. 0 h. 42 m. 50·4 s. E., which received the instruments from Seeberg, including a small transit circle by Ertel (made in 1824), also a new equat. by Repsold of 412-in. ap.
Göttingen, univ. obs., lat. +51° 31′ 48·2″, long. 0 h. 39 m. 46·2 s. E. An obs. had existed here from 1751, where Tobias Mayer worked. In 1811 a new building was constructed. Besides his mathematical works, K. F. Gauss found time to engage in important geodetic and magnetic obs.; meridian circle by Repsold (412-in. ap.), another by Reichenbach (412-in.), 6-in. heliometer by Repsold (1888).
Hamburg. lat. +53° 33′ 7·0″, long. 0 h. 39 m. 53·6 s. E. Built in the year 1825. With a meridian circle of 4-in. ap. by Repsold, K. L. C. Rümker observed the places of 12,000 stars. A refr. of 10-in. ap. by Merz and Repsold was mounted in 1868. A new obs. is now being built 20 km. south-east of the city, lat. +53° 28′ 46″, long. 0 h. 40 m. 58·5 s. E., with a 2312-in. refr by Steinheil and Repsold, 712-in. transit circle by Repsold, and a 39-in. refl.
Heidelberg, grand ducal obs., lat. +49° 23′ 54·9″, long. 0 h. 34 m. 53·1 s. E. On the Königstuhl hill, 500 ft. above the Neckar; opened 1898. Consists of an astrometric and an astrophysical department. The former has a 13‑in. refr. by Steinheil and Repsold, an 8-in. refr. by Merz and a 612-in. transit circle by Repsold. The astrophysical department is chiefly devoted to phot. work with a triple equat. with two 16‑in. lenses and 10-in. guiding telescope, as well as with a 28-in. s.g. refl. by Zeiss.
Jena, univ. obs., lat. +50° 55′ 34·9″, long. 0 h. 46 m. 20·3 s. 7-in. refr. mounted 1891.
Kiel, univ. obs., lat. +54° 20′ 27·6″, long. 0 h. 40 m. 35·6 s. E. Contains the instruments removed from Altona in 1874, also an 8-in refr. by Steinheil and a 9‑in. transit circle by Repsold.
Königsberg, univ. obs., lat. +54° 42′ 50·4″, long. 1 h. 21 m. 59·0 s. E. Built 1813; F. W. Bessel was the director till his death in 1846, and nearly all his celebrated investigations were carried out here, e.g. obs. of fundamental stars, zone obs. of stars, researches on refraction, heliometric obs., by which the annual parallax of the star 61 Cygni was first determined, &c. The instruments are a 4‑in. transit circle by Repsold (1841), a 6‑in. heliometer by Utzschneider (1829), and a 13‑in. refr. by Reinfelder and Repsold (1898).
Landstuhl (Palatinate), private obs. of J. P. H. Fauth, lat. +49° 24′ 42·9″, long. 0 h. 30 m. 16·3 s. E.; 712-in. refr.
Leipzig, univ. obs. Erected 1787–1790 on the “Pleissenburg”; lat. +51° 20′ 20·5″, long. 0 h. 49 m. 30·2 s. E.; possessed only small instruments, the largest being a 412-in. refr. by Fraunhofer (1830). In 1861 a new obs. was erected, lat. +51° 20′ 5·9″, long. 0 h. 49 m. 33·9 s. E., with a refr. of 812-in. ap. by Steinheil, replaced in 1891 by a 12‑in. refr. by Reinfelder and Repsold, a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6·3-in. ap. and a 6‑in. heliometer by Repsold.
Lilienthal, near Bremen, lat. +53° 8′ 25″, long. 0 h. 36 m. 1 s. E. J. H. Schröter’s private obs.; from 1779 to 1813. Contained a number of refl. by Herschel and Schrader, the largest being of 27-ft. focal length and 20-in. ap. (movable round the eye-piece), used for physical obs., chiefly of planets. Destroyed during the war in 1813; the instruments (which had been bought by the government in 1800) were, for the greater part, sent to the Göttingen obs.
Mannheim, lat. +49° 29′ 10·9″, long. 0 h. 33 m. 50·5 s. E. Built in 1772; very few obs. were published until the obs. was restored in 1860, when a 6‑in. refr. by Steinheil was procured. In 1879 the obs. was moved to Karlsruhe and later to Heidelberg.
Munich, at Bogenhausen, royal obs., lat. +48° 8′ 45·5″, long. 0 h. 46 m. 26·1 s. E. Founded in 1809; a transit circle by Reichenbach was mounted in 1824, an 11-in. equat. refr. by Fraunhofer in 1835. The former was used from 1840 for zone obs. (about 80,000) of telescopic stars. 6‑in. transit circle by Repsold mounted 1891.
Potsdam, lat. +52° 22′ 56·0″, long. 0 h. 52 m. 15·9 s. E. “Astrophysical obs.,” founded in 1874, devoted to spectroscopic and photographic obs. A refr. by Schröder of 1112-in. ap., another by Grubb of 8-in. ap., a refr. by Steinheil and Merz with 9-in. vis. and 13‑in. phot. o.g. and a refr. by Steinheil and Repsold with 31‑in. phot. and 1912-in. vis. o.g., spectroscopes, photometers, &c. Results are published in 4to vols.
Strassburg, univ. obs., lat. +48° 35′ 0·3″, long. 0 h. 31 m. 4·5 s. E. Finished in 1881; an 18-in. refr. by Merz; altazimuth of 512-in. ap., meridian circle of 612-in. ap., and a 612 in. orbit sweeper, all by Repsold.
Wilhelmshaven (Prussia), naval obs., lat. +53° 31′ 52·2″, long. 0 h. 32 m. 35·1 s. E.; situated on the Jahde to the north of Oldenburg. Founded in 1874; meridian circle by Repsold of 412-in. ap., and meteorological, magnetical, and tide-registering instruments.
Austria-Hungary
Vienna, imperial and royal obs. On the univ. building an obs. was founded in 1756, lat. +48° 12′ 35·5″, long. 1 h. 5 m. 31·7s. E. Owing to the unsuitable locality and the want of instruments, very few obs. of value were taken until the obs. was rebuilt in 1826, when some better instruments were procured, especially a meridian circle of 4‑in. ap., and a 6‑in. refr. by Fraunhofer (mounted in 1832), used for obs. of planets and comets. From 1874 to 1879 a large and magnificent building (with four domes) was erected at Währing, north-west of the city, lat. +48° 13′ 55·4″, long. 1 h. 5 m. 21·5 s. E. In addition to the old instruments, two refrs. were erected, one by Clark of 1134-in. ap., another by Grubb of 27-in. ap. (mounted 1882); later a 15‑in. equat. coudée by Gautier and a 13‑in. phot. refr. by Repsold have been mounted.
Vienna (Josephstadt), private obs. of T. von Oppolzer (d. 1886), lat. +48° 12′ 53·8″, long. 1 h. 5 m. 25·3 s. E. Established in 1865; 5‑in. refr. by Merz, 4‑in. meridian circle.
Vienna (Ottakring), private obs. of M. von Kuffner, lat. +48° 12′ 46·7″, long. 1 h. 5 m. 11·0 s. E. Completed 1886; 1012-in. vis. and 6·3‑in. phot. refr. by Steinheil and Repsold, 8‑in. heliometer and 434-in. transit circle by Repsold.
Prague, univ. obs., lat. +50° 5′ 51·8″, long. 0 h. 57 m. 40·3 s. E. Founded in 1751 at the Collegium Clementinum, on a high tower. 6‑in. refr. by Steinheil and a 4‑in. meridian circle.
Senftenberg (in the east of Bohemia), lat. +50° 5′ 55″, long. 1 h. 5 m. 51 s. E. Baron von Senftenberg’s obs.; established in 1844. Obs. of comets and planets made with small instruments till the owner’s death (1858).
