Page:EB1911 - Volume 19.djvu/998

Philadelphia, Flower obs. of Univ. of Pennsylvania, lat. +39° 58′ 2·1″, long. 5h. 1 m. 6·6 s. W. Founded 1895; 18‑in. refr., 4‑in. transit circle and 4‑in. zenith telescope, all by Brashear and Warner & Swasey.

Poughkeepsie (N.Y.), Vassar College obs., lat. +41° 41′ 18″, long. 4h. 55 m. 33·7 s. W. Founded 1865; 12‑in. refr. by Fitz and Clark; small transit circle.

Princeton (New Jersey). Attached to Princeton Univ. are two obs. the “Observatory of Instruction,” lat. +40° 20′ 57·8″, long. 4 h. 58 m. 37·6 s. W., erected in 1877, and furnished with a 91/2-in. refr. by Clark; and the Halsted obs., lat. +40° 20′ 55·8″, long. 4 h. 58 m. 39·4 s. W., in which a 23‑in. refr. by Clark was mounted in 1883.

Rochester (New York), Warner obs., lat. +43° 9′ 16·8″, long. 5 h. 10 m. 21·8 s. W. Erected by H. H. Warner in 1879–1880; 16-in. refr. by Clark. Discontinued 1895.

Washington (D.C.), U.S. naval obs., lat. +38° 53′ 38·8″, long. 5h. 8m. 12·1 s. W. Organized in 1842; obs. begun in 1845 with a mural circle by Troughton & Simms of 4 in., a transit instrument by Ertel of 5·3‑in. ap., and a 9·6‑in. refr. by Merz. A meridian circle by Pistor & Martins of 8·5‑in.  ap., mounted in 1865, and used for observing standard stars and planets; a 26‑in. refr. by Clark, mounted in 1873—with this instrument A. Hall discovered the satellites of Mars in 1877. A new obs. on Georgetown Heights was opened in 1893, lat. +38° 55′ 14·0″, long. 5h. 8 m. 15·8 s. W.; in addition to the old instruments there is a 40‑ft. photoheliograph of 5‑in. ap., 6‑in. transit circle built of steel by Warner & Swasey, 5‑in. steel altazimuth by same, 12‑in. refr. by Clark.

Washington (D.C.), astrophysical obs. of the Smithsonian Institution, lat. +38° 53′ 17·3″, long. 5 h. 8 m. 6·2 s. W. Founded 1890 for the study of solar radiation; 20‑in. siderostat, spectrobolometer, &c.

Williams Bay (Wis.).—Yerkes obs. of Univ. of Chicago, lat. +42° 34′ 12·6″, long. 5 h. 54 m. 13·2 s. W. Opened 1897; 40-in. refr. by Clark and Warner & Swasey; also a 12‑in. refr., 24‑in. refl., 10‑in. phot. refr.

Williamstown (Mass), lat. +42° 42′ 49″, long. 4h. 52 m. 33·5s. W. Founded in 1836; 71/2-in. refr. by Clark; meridian circle of 41/2-in. ap. by Repsold, mounted in 1882 in the Field Memorial obs., lat. +42° 40′ 30″, long. 4 h. 52 m. 50 s. W.

Canada

Ottawa, Dominion obs., lat. +45° 23′, long. 5h. 3m. W. Founded 1902; 15‑in. refr. by Brashear; 8‑in. transit circle by Simms; 16‑in. coelostat.

Mexico

Tacubaya.—National obs. erected 1882, lat. +19° 24′ 17·5″, long. 6 h. 36 m. 46·7 s. W., 7600 ft. above sea-level; 15‑in. refr. by Grubb, 13‑in. phot. refr. by Henry & Gautier, 8‑in. transit circle by Simms.

South America

Santiago (Chile), national obs., lat. −33° 26′ 42·0″, long. 4 h. 42 m. 46·2 s. W. In 1849 the U.S. government sent an astronomical expedition to Chile. When the expedition returned in 1852, the government of Chile bought the instruments—a 6‑in. meridian circle by Pistor and Martins, a 61/2-in. refr. by Fitz, &c. New building erected 1860; 91/2-in. refr. by Merz and Repsold, 13‑in. phot. refr. by Gautier.

Arequipa (Peru).—Branch of Harvard College obs., lat. −16° 24′, long. 4 h. 45 m. 30 s. W., 8060 ft. above sea-level; 24‑in. Bruce refr. by Clark; and 13‑in. Boyden telescope for phot. charts and spectra of faint stars; 4‑in. transit photometer extends the Harvard photometry to the south pole.

Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), national obs., lat. −22° 54′ 23·7″, long. 2 h. 52 m. 41·4 s. W. Founded in 1845; no work done until 1871. The principal instruments are a meridian circle by Gautier of 73/4-in. ap., an altazimuth, a 91/2-in. refr. by Henry, &c.

Cordoba (Argentina), national obs., lat. −31° 25′ 15·4″, long. 4 h. 16 m. 45·1 s. W. Erected in 1871 under the direction of B. A. Gould till 1883. With a meridian circle by Repsold of 5-in. ap. 105,000 zone obs. of stars between −23° and −80° decl. have been made; 111/2-in. phot. refr. by Clarke; 5‑in. phot. refr. by Henry & Gautier.

La Plata (Argentina), univ. obs., lat. −34° 54′ 30·3″, long. 3 h. 51 m. 37·0 s. W. Founded 1883; 18‑in. equat. coudée, 13-in. phot. refr. and transit circle, all by Henry & Gautier.

Africa

Cape of Good Hope, royal obs., lat. −33° 56′ 3·5″, long. 1 h. 13 m. 54·8 s. E. Founded in 1820; erected in 1825–1829, about 31/2 m. from Cape Town. Obs. were begun in 1829 with a transit instrument by Dollond of 5‑in. ap. and a mural circle by Jones. Thomas Maclear undertook to verify and extend the arc of meridian measured by N. L. de Lacaille in 1751–1753, which work occupied the obs. staff for a number of years. In 1849 a 7‑in. refr. by Merz was mounted, and in 1855 a new meridian circle, a facsimile of the one at Greenwich, superseded the older instruments. Maclear was succeeded by E. J. Stone (1870 to 1879), who devoted himself and the staff to obs. of stars, embodied in a catalogue of 12,441 stars for the epoch 1880. Under Sir David Gill (1879–1906) a 7‑in. heliometer by Repsold has been used since 1887 for researches on solar parallax and annual parallax of stars, while a complete review of the heavens has been made south of −23° decl. with a 6‑in. phot. Dallmeyer lens. A 24‑in. phot. and 18‑in. vis. refr. by Grubb, with 24‑in. o.g. prism, and a 6‑in. transit circle by Simms have also been mounted.

Besides the obs. of Lacaille in Cape Town (lat. −33° 55′ 16·1″, long. 1 h. 13 m. 41 s. E.), another temporary obs. at Feldhausen, lat. −33° 58′ 56·6″, long. 1 h. 13 m. 51 s. E., 6 m. from Cape Town, deserves to be mentioned. It was here that Sir John Herschel observed nebulae and double stars from 1834 to 1838 with a refl. of 181/4-in. ap.

Durban (Natal).—Government obs., lat. −29° 50′ 46·6″, long. 2 h. 4 m. 1·2 s. E. Erected in 1882; 8‑in. refr. by Grubb.

Mauritius.—Royal Alfred obs., lat. −20° 5′ 39″, long. 3 h. 50 m. 12·5 s. E. Chiefly meteorological, but solar photos regularly taken.

Helwân (near Cairo, Egypt), khedivial obs., lat. +29° 51′ 34″, long. 2 h. 5 m. 22 s. E. Erected in 1904; 30‑in. refl. used for photos of southern nebulae.

Algiers (Algeria), national obs., lat. +36° 47′ 50″, long. 0 h. 12 m. 8·4 s. E. Founded 1881; 12·5‑in. equat. coudée and 13‑in. phot. refr. by Gautier; transit circle.

St Helena, lat. −15° 55′ 26·0″, long. 0 h. 22 m. 54·6 s. W. With a transit instrument and mural circle. M. Johnson observed the places of 606 southern stars from 1829 to 1833.

India

Madras, government obs., lat. +13° 4′ 8·0″, long. 5 h. 20 m. 59·6 s. E. In 1831 a transit instrument and a mural circle, both of 3 3/4‑in. ap., by Dollond, were mounted, and with these T. G. Taylor observed 11,000 stars. A meridian circle by Simms was mounted in 1858, and in 1865 an 8‑in. refr., also by Simms, was put up; with the former 5303 stars were observed in 1862–1887. New obs. built in 1899 at Kodaikanal (Palni Hills), lat. +10° 13′ 50″, long. 5 h. 9 m. 52 s. E., 7700 ft. above sea-level; 12‑in. siderostat and phot. vis. of by Cooke, spectroheliograph, &c. To be devoted chiefly to solar physics.

Poona.—Obs. of College of Science. Founded 1888. 12-in. siderostat by Cooke with 9‑in. lens by Grubb; 161/2-in. s.g. refl. by Grubb, with 6‑in. refr. by Cooke; spectroscopes, &c., chiefly for solar work.

Dehra Dûn.—Obs. of Indian Survey, lat. +30°,18′ 51·8″, long. 5 h. 12 m. 13·5 s. E. Regular solar phot. work.

Trivandrum, lat. +8° 30′ 32″, long. 5 h. 7 m. 59 s. E. Founded by the raja of Travancore in 1836. No astronomical work done, but valuable magnetical and meteorological obs. were made by J. A. Broun from 1852 to 1863.

Japan

Tokyo, univ. obs., lat. +35° 39′ 17·5″, long. 9 h. 18 m. 58·0 s. E.; 51/2-in. transit circle by Repsold; 61/2-in. refr.

China

Zo-Se (near Shanghai), jesuit obs., lat. +31° 5′ 47·1″, long. 8 h. 4 m. 44·7 s. E. Erected 1899–1901; 16‑in. vis., and phot. refr. for solar and stellar phot. and spectroscopic work.

Hong Kong, lat. +22° 18′ 13·2″, long. 7 h. 36 m. 41·9 s. E. In 1883 the colonial government established an obs., furnished with a 6-in. refr., a small transit instrument and full equipment of magnetical and meteorological instruments.

Turkestan

Tashkent, lat. +41° 19′ 31·4″, long. 4 h. 37 m. 10·8 s. E. Founded in 1874; 6‑in. refr. and meridian circle by Repsold; 13‑in. phot. refr. by Henry & Repsold.

Australia

Paramatta (New South Wales), lat. −33° 48′ 50″, long. 10 h. 4 m. 6·3 s. E. Erected by Sir Thomas Macdougall Brisbane in 1821; handed over to the New South Wales government in 1826; furnished with a transit instrument and a mural circle by Troughton. From about 1835 no obs. seem to have been made; the obs. was abolished in 1855.

Sydney (New South Wales), lat. −33° 51′ 41·1″, long. 10 h. 4 m. 49·5 s. E. Founded in 1855; furnished with the instruments from Paramatta. In 1861 a 71/4-in. refr. by Merz, and in 1874 an 111/2-in. refr. by Schröder, were mounted; in 1879 a meridian circle by Simms of 6-in. ap. was acquired, and later a 13‑in. phot. refr. by Grubb.

Windsor (New South Wales), lat. −33° 36′ 28·9″, long. 10 h. 3 m. 21·7 s. E. Private obs. of Mr J. Tebbutt, who has devoted himself since 1861 to discoveries and obs. of comets, using a 41/2-in. refr. by Cooke and an 8‑in. refr. by Grubb.

Melbourne (Victoria).—Founded in 1853 at Williamstown, lat. −37° 52′ 7·2″, long. 9 h. 39 m. 38·8 s. E. In 1861 a meridian circle by Simms of 5‑in. ap. was mounted, but in 1863 the obs. was removed to Melbourne, lat. −37° 49′ 53·2″, long. 9 h. 39 m. 54·0 s. E. “The great Melbourne telescope,” a Cassegrain refl., equatorially mounted, of 4‑ft. ap., made by T. Grubb, was erected in 1869, but very little used; there is also an 8‑in. refr. by Cooke and a 13‑in. phot. refr. by Grubb.

Adelaide (South Australia), lat. −34° 55′ 33·8″, long. 9 h. 14 m. 21·3 s. E. In operation since 1861; has been gradually improved, and contains now an 8‑in. refr. by Cooke and a 6‑in. transit circle by Simms.