cease to wonder at its having been seriously selected as the
Fig. 2.—Strix flammea.
symbol of learning, and can hardly divest themselves of a
suspicion that the choice must have been made in the spirit of
sarcasm. This little owl (for that is its only name—though it
is not even the smallest that appears in England), the chevêche
of the French, is spread throughout the greater part of Europe,
but it is not a native of Britain. It has a congener in C. brama,
a bird well known to all residents in India.
Finally, we have owls of the second section, those allied to the screech-owl, Strix flammea, the Effraie[1] of the French. This, with its discordant scream, its snoring, and its hissing, is far too well known to need description, for it is one of the most widely-spread of birds, and is the owl that has the greatest geographical range, inhabiting almost every country in the world—Sweden and Norway, America north of lat. 45°, and New Zealand being the principal exceptions. It varies, however, not inconsiderably, both in size and intensity of colour, and several ornithologists have tried to found on these variations more than half-a-dozen distinct species. Some, if not most of them, seem, however, hardly worthy to be considered geographical races, for their differences do not always depend on locality. R. Bowdler Sharpe, with much labour and in great detail, has given his reasons (Cat. B. Brit. Museum, ii. 291-309; and Ornith. Miscellany, i. 269-298; ii. 1-21) for acknowledging four “subspecies” of S. flammea, as well as five other species. Of these last, S. tenebricosa is peculiar to Australia, while S. novae-hollandiae inhabits also New Guinea, and has a “subspecies,” S. castanops, found only in Tasmania; a third, S. candida, has a wide range from Fiji and northern Australia through the Philippines and Formosa to China, Burmah and India; a fourth, S. capensis, is peculiar to South Africa; while S. thomensis is said to be confined to the African island of St Thomas. To these may perhaps have to be added a species from New Britain, described by Count Salvadori as Strix aurantia, but it may possibly prove on further investigation not to be a strigine owl at all. (A. N.)
OWLING, in English law, the offence of transporting wool or sheep out of the kingdom, to the detriment of the staple manufacture of wool. The name is said to owe its origin to the fact that the offence was usually carried on at night-time, when the owls were abroad. The offence was stringently regulated by a statute of Edward III. (1336–7), while many subsequent statutes also dealt with it. In 1566 the offence was made punishable by the cutting off of the left hand and nailing it in a public place. By a statute of 1660 the ship and cargo were to be forfeited. In the reign of George I. (1717–1718) the penalty was altered to transportation for seven years. The offence was abolished in 1824.
OWOSSO, a city of Shiawassee county, Michigan, U.S.A., on Shiawassee river, about 79 m. N.W. of Detroit and 28 m. N.E. of Lansing. Pop. (1900) 8696, of whom 1396 were foreign-born; (1906 estimate) 9369. It is served by the Michigan Central, the Grand Trunk, and the Ann Arbor railways, and is a division point of the last. It is situated in the coal area of Michigan, and has various manufactures, including beet-sugar, for which Owosso is an important centre. The value of the city’s factory products increased from $2,055,052 in 1900 to $3,109,232 in 1905, or 51·3%. The municipality owns and operates its water-works. Owosso was settled about 1834 and chartered as a city in 1859.
OX, strictly speaking, the Saxon name for the males of domesticated cattle (Bos taurus), but in a zoological sense employed so as to include not only the extinct wild ox of Europe but likewise bovine animals of every description, that is to say true oxen, bison and buffaloes. The characteristics of the sub-family Bovinae, or typical section of the family Bovidae, are given in the article Bovidae (q.v.); for the systematic position of that family see Pecora.
In the typical oxen, as represented by the existing domesticated breeds (see Cattle) and the extinct aurochs (q.v.), the horns are cylindrical and placed on an elevated crest at the very vertex of the skull, which has the frontal region of great length. The aurochs was a black animal, with a lighter dorsal streak, and horns directed upwards in the shape of a pitchfork, black at their tips, but otherwise whitish. The fighting bulls of Spain, the black Pembroke cattle of Wales, with their derivatives the white park-cattle of Chillingham in Northumberland, are undoubtedly the direct descendants of the aurochs. The black Kerry breed and the black or brown Scotch cattle are also more or less nearly related; and a similar kinship is claimed for the Siemental cattle of Switzerland, although their colour is white and fawn. Short-horns are a modern derivative from cattle of the same general type. Among other British breeds may be mentioned the Devons and Herefords, both characterized by their red colour; the long-horned and Sussex breeds, both with very large horns, showing a tendency to grow downwards; and the Ayrshire. Polled, or hornless, breeds, such as the polled Angus and polled Suffolk, are of interest, as showing how easily the horns can be eliminated, and thus indicating a hornless ancestry. The white cattle formerly kept at Chartley Park, Staffordshire, exhibit signs of affinity with the long-horn breed. The Channel Island cattle, which are either black or fawn, would seem to be nearly allied to the Spanish fighting breed, and thus to the aurochs. The great white or cream coloured cattle of Italy, Austria, Hungary and Poland, which have very long black-tipped horns, are also probably not far removed from the aurochs stock.
On the other hand, the great tawny draught cattle of Spain seem to indicate mixture with a different stock, the horns having a double curvature, quite different from the simple one of the aurochs type. There are reports as to these cattle having been formerly crossed with the humped eastern species; and their characteristics are all in favour of such an origin. Humped cattle are widely spread over Africa, Madagascar and India, and form a distinct species, Bos indicus, characterized by the presence of a fleshy hump on the shoulders, the convexity (instead of concavity) of the first part of the curve of the horns, the very large size of the dewlap, and the general presence of white rings round the fetlocks, and light circles surrounding the eyes. The voice and habits of these cattle are also markedly different from those of European cattle. Whether humped cattle are of Indian or African origin cannot be determined, and the species is known only in the domesticated condition. The largest horns are found in the Galla cattle, in which they attain enormous dimensions. In Europe the name zebu is generally applied to the Indian breed, although no such designation is known in India itself.
A third type is apparently indicated by the ancient Egyptian cattle, which were not humped, and for which the name Bos aegyptiacus has been suggested. The cattle of Ankole, on the Uganda frontier, which have immense horns, conform to this type.
A second group of the genus Bos is represented by the Indo-Malay cattle included in the sub-genus Bibos (see Bantin, Gaur and Gayal); they are characterized by the more or less marked flattening of the horns, the presence of a well-marked ridge on the anterior half of the back, and the white legs.
