supply is brought from the river Chira (17 m. distant). The exports include cotton, tobacco, petroleum, cattle, hides and straw hats. Paita dates from the early years of the Spanish Conquest, and was a prosperous port in colonial times. It was nearly destroyed by Lord Anson’s fleet in 1741.
PAJOL, CLAUDE PIERRE, Count (1772–1844), French cavalry general, was born at Besançon. The son of an advocate, he was intended to follow his father’s profession, but the events of 1780 turned his mind in another direction. Joining the battalion of Besançon, he took part in the political events of that year, and in 1791 went to the army of the Upper Rhine with a volunteer battalion. He took part in the campaign of 1792 and was one of the stormers at Hochheim (1793). From Custine’s staff he was transferred to that of Kleber, with whom he took part in the Sambre and Rhine Campaigns (1794–96). After serving with Hoche and Massena in Germany and Switzerland (1797–99), Pajol took a cavalry command under Moreau for the campaign on the upper Rhine. In the short years of peace Pajol, now colonel, was successively envoy to the Batavian Republic, and delegate at Napoleon’s coronation. In 1805, the emperor employed him with the light cavalry. He distinguished himself at Austerlitz, and, after serving for a short time in Italy, he rejoined the grande armée as a general of brigade,
in time to take part in the campaign of Friedland. Next year
(1808) he was made a baron of the Empire. In 1809 he served
on the Danube, and in the Russian War of 1812 led a division, and afterwards a corps, of cavalry. He survived the retreat, but his health was so broken that he retired to his native town of Besançon for a time. He was back again in active service, however, in time to be present at Dresden, at which battle he played a conspicuous part. In 1814 he commanded a corps of
all arms in the Seine Valley. On the fall of Napoleon, Pajol gave in his adhesion to the Restoration government, but he rejoined his old master immediately upon his return to France. His (I) corps of cavalry played a prominent part in the campaign of 1815, both at Ligny and in the advance on the Wavre under Grouchy. On receiving the news of Waterloo, Pajol disengaged his command, and by a skilful retreat brought it safe and unbeaten to Paris. There he and his men played an active part in the actions which ended the war. The Bourbons, on their return, dismissed him, though this treatment was not, compared to that meted out to Ney and others, excessively harsh. In 1830 he took part in the overthrow of Charles X. He suppressed, sternly and vigorously, émeutes in Paris in 1831 and 1832, 1834 and 1839. A general, and a peer of France, he was put on the retired list in 1842, and died two years later.
His son, Count Charles Paul Victor Pajol (1821–1891), entered the army and had reached the rank of general of division when he was involved in the catastrophe of Metz (1870). He retired in 1877. Besides being a good soldier, he was a sculptor of some merit, who executed statues of his father and of Napoleon, and he wrote a life of his father and a history of the wars under Louis XV. (Paris 1881–1891).
See Count C. P. V. Pajol: Pajol général en chef (Paris, 1874); Thomas, Les Grands cavaliers du premier empire (Paris, 1892); and Choppin, in the Journal des sciences militaires (1890).
PAJOU, AUGUSTIN (1730–1809), French sculptor, was born in Paris on the 19th of September 1730. At eighteen he won the Prix de Rome; at thirty he exhibited his Pluton tenant Cerbère enchâiné (now in the Louvre). His portrait busts of Buffon and of Madame Du Barry (1773), and his statuette of Bossuet (all in the Louvre), are amongst his best works. When B. Poyet constructed the Fontaine des Innocents from the earlier edifice of P. Lescot (see Goujon) Pajou provided a number of new figures for the work. Mention should also be made of his
bust of Carlin Bertinazzi (1763) at the Comédie Française, and the monument of Marie Leczinska, queen of Poland (in the Salon of 1769). Pajou died in Paris on the 8th of May 1809.
PAKHOI, or Peihai, a city and treaty port of China, in the west of the province of Kwang-tung, situated on a bay of the Gulf of Tong-king, formed by the peninsula running south-west from Lien-chow, in 21° 30′ N., 109° 10′ E. Pop. about 25,000.
Dating only from about 1820–1830, and at first little better than
a nest of pirates, Pakhoi rapidly grew into commercial importance,
owing partly to the complete freedom which it enjoyed from
taxation, and partly to the diversion of trade produced by
the T’ai-p’ing rebellion. The establishment of a Chinese customhouse
and the opening of the ports of Hanoi and Haiphong
for a time threatened to injure its prospects; but, foreign trade
being permitted in 1876–1877, it began in 1879 to be regularly
visited by foreign steamers. The Chinese town stands on the
peninsula and faces due north. From the bluff, on which all
the foreign community lives, a partly cultivated plain extends.
Liquid indigo, sugar, aniseed and aniseed oil, cassia-lignea and
cassia oil, cuttle-fish and hides are the chief exports. With
Macao especially an extensive junk trade is carried on. A large
number of the inhabitants engage in fishing and fish-curing.
The preparation of dried fish is a speciality of Pakhoi, the fish
being exported to Hong Kong.
PAKINGTON, the name of a famous English Worcestershire family, now represented by the barony of Hampton. Sir John Pakington (d. 1560) was a successful lawyer and a favourite at court, and Henry VIII. enriched him with estates, including that of Westwood in Worcestershire. His grandnephew and heir. Sir John Pakington (1549–1625), was another prominent courtier, Queen Elizabeth’s “lusty Pakington,” famous for his
magnificence of living. His son John (1600–1624) was created a baronet in 1620. His son, Sir John, the second baronet (1620–1680), played an active part on the royalist side in the troubles of the Great Rebellion and the Commonwealth, and was taken prisoner at Worcester in 1651; Lady Dorothy, his wife (d. 1679), daughter of the lord keeper Thomas Coventry, was famous for her learning, and was long credited with the authorship of The
Whole Duty of Man (1658), which has more recently been
attributed to Richard Allestree (q.v.). Their grandson. Sir John, the 4th baronet (1671–1727) was a pronounced high Tory
and was very prominent in political life; for long he was regarded
as the original of Addison’s Sir Roger de Coverley, but the
reasons for this supposition are now regarded as inadequate.
The baronetcy became extinct with the death of Sir John
Pakington, the 8th baronet, in January 1830, but it was revived
in 1846 for his maternal nephew and heir, John Somerset
Pakington (1799–1880), whose name was originally Russell.
Born on the 20th of February 1799 and educated at Eton and
at Oriel College, Oxford, Pakington had a long career as an active
and industrious Conservative politician, being member of parliament
for Droitwich from 1837 to 1874. He was secretary for
war and the colonies in 1852; first lord of the admiralty in 1858–1859
and again in 1866–1867; and secretary of state for war in
1867–1868. In 1874 he was created Baron Hampton, and he died
in London on the 9th of April 1880. From 1875 until his death
Hampton was chief civil service commissioner. In 1906 his
grandson Herbert Stuart (b. 1883) became 4th baron Hampton.
It is interesting to note that in 1529 Henry VIII. granted Sir
John Pakington the right of wearing his hat in the royal presence.
PAKOKKU, a district in the Minbu division of Upper Burma, lying west of the Irrawaddy river and south of Mandalay, with the line of the Chin hills as a general boundary on the west. It has an area of 6210 sq. m. and a population (1901) of 356,489. The part of the district along the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers is alluvial. Beyond this, however, the country rises gradually to the low Shinmadaung and Tangyi ridges, where it is very arid. To the westward there is a rapid drop to the well-watered valley of the Yaw River, and then a rise over broken, dry country before the valleys of the Myit-tha and Mon rivers are reached. The principal products are millet, sesamum and sugar produced from toddy-palms in the riverain districts, which also grow rice, grain, peas and beans. Tobacco and vegetables are also produced in some quantity, and maize is grown largely for the sake of the husk, which is used for native cheroot-wrappers, under the name of yawpet. The Yenangyat oil-fields, which produce quantities of petroleum, are in the south of the district, and iron used to be worked in a small way. There are 1151 sq. m. of reserved forests in the
