Page:EB1911 - Volume 20.djvu/68

inventors, and even at the present day processes are being patented, having for their object the boiling out of fruits with water or salt solutions, so as to facilitate the separation of the oil from the pulp by gravitation. Naturally these processes can only be applied to those seeds which contain large quantities of fatty matter, such as coconuts and olives. The rendering process is, however, applied on a very large scale to the production of animal oils and fats. Formerly the animal oils and fats were obtained by heating the tissues containing the oils or fats over a free fire, when the cell membranes burst and the liquid fat flowed out. The cave-dweller who first collected the fat dripping off the deer on the roasting spit may well be looked upon as the first manufacturer of tallow. This crude process is now classed amongst the noxious trades, owing to the offensive stench given off, and must be considered as almost extinct in this country. Even on whaling vessels, where up to recently whale oil, seal oil and sperm oil (see Waxes, below) were obtained exclusively by “trying,” i.e. by melting the blubber over a free fire, the process of rendering is fast becoming obsolete, the modern practice being to deliver the blubber in as fresh a state as possible to the “whaling establishments,” where the oil is rendered by methods closely resembling those worked in the enormous rendering establishments (for tallow, lard, bone fat) in the United States and in South America. The method consists essentially in cutting up the fatty matter into small fragments, which are transferred into vessels containing water, wherein the comminuted mass is heated by steam, either under ordinary pressure in open vessels or under higher pressure in digestors. The fat gradually exudes and collects on the top of the water, whilst the membranous matter, “greaves,” falls to the bottom. The fat is then drawn off the aqueous (gluey) layer, and strained through sieves or filters.

Vegetable Oils

Name of Oil.	Source.	Yield per cent.	Iodine Value.	Principal Use.
Drying Oils.
Linseed	Linum usitatissimum	38–40	175–205	Paint, varnish, linoleum, soap
Tung (Chinese or Japanese wood)	Aleurites cordata	40–41	150–165	Paint and varnish
Candle nut	Aleurites moluccana	62–64	163	Burning oil, soap, paint
Hemp seed	Cannabis sativa	30–35	148	Paints and varnishes, soft soap
Walnut; Nut	Juglans regia	63–65	145	Oil painting
Safflower	Carthamus tinctorius	30–32	130–147	Burning, varnish (“roghan”)
Poppy seed	Papaver somniferum	41–50	123–143	Salad oil, painting, soft soap
Sunflower	Helianthus annuus	21–22	119–135	Edible oil, soap
Madia	Madia sativa	32–33	118·5	Soap, burning
Semi-drying Oils.
Cameline (German Sesame)	Camelina sativa	31–34	135	Burning, soap
Soja bean	Soja hispida	. .	122	Edible, burning
Maize; Corn	Zea Mays	6–10	113–125	Edible, soap
Beech nut	Fagus sylvatica	43–45	111–120	Food, burning
Kapok	Bombax pentandrum (Eriodendron   anfractuosum)	30–32	116	Food, soap
Cotton-seed	Gossypium herbaceum	24–26	108–110	Food, soap
Sesamé	Sesamum orientale, S. indicum	50–57	103–108	Food, soap
Curcas, purging nut	Jatropha curcas	55–57	98–110	Medicine, soap
Brazil nut	Bertholletia excelsa	. .	90–106	Edible, soap
Croton	Croton Tiglium	53–56	102–104	Medicine
Ravison	Wild Brassica campestris	33–40	105–117	Lubricant, burning
Rape (Colza)	Brassica campestris	33–43	94–102	Lubricant, burning
Jamba	Brassica campestris var.?	24	95	Burning, lubricant
Non-drying Oils.
Apricot kernel	Prunus armeniaca	40–45	96–108	Perfumery, medicine
Peach kernel	Prunus persica	32–35	93–109	Perfumery, medicine
Almond	Prunus amygdalus	45–55	93–100	Perfumery, medicine
Arachis (ground nut)	Arachis hypogaea	43–45	83–100	Edible, soap
Hazel nut	Corylus avellana	50–60	83–90	Edible, perfumery, lubricating
Olive	Olea europaea	40–60	79–88	Edible, lubricating, burning, soap
Olive kernel	Olea europaea	12–15	87	Edible, lubricating, burning, soap
Ben	Moringa oleifera	35–36	82	Edible, perfumery, lubricating
Grape seed	Vitis vinifera	10–20	96	Food, burning
Castor	Ricinus communis	46–53	83–86	Medicine, soap, lubricating, Turkey  red oil

 

Name of Oil.

Source.

Yield
per cent.

Iodine
Value.

Principal Use.

Fish oils—

Marine Animal Oils.

 Menhaden

Alosa menhaden

. .

140–173

Currying leather

 Sardine oil

Clupea sardinus

. .

161–193

Currying leather

 Salmon

Salmo salar

. .

161

Currying leather

Herring

Clupea harengus

. .

124–142

Currying leather

Liver oils—

 Cod liver

Gadus morrhua

. .

167

Medicine, currying leather

 Shark liver (Arctic)

Scymnus borealis

. .

115

Currying leather

Blubber oils—

 Seal

Phoca vitulina

. .

127–147

Burning, currying leather

 Whale

Balaena mysticetus, &c.

. .

121–136

Burning, soap-making, fibre dress- 
 ing, currying leather

Dolphin, black fish, body oil	${\Big \}}$
Jaw oil

Delphinus globiceps${\Big \{}$

. .

99–126

$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$

Lubricating oil for delicate  machinery

. .

33

Porpoise Body oil	${\Big \}}$
Porpoise Jaw oil

Delphinus phocaena${\Big \{}$

. .

119

. .

36

Terrestrial Animal Oils.

Sheep’s foot

Ovis aries

. .

74

Lubricating

Horses’ foot

Equus caballus

. .

74–90

Lubricating

Neat’s foot

Bos taurus

. .

67–73

Lubricating, leather dressing

Egg

Gallus domesticus

. .

68–82

Leather dressing

The greaves are placed