of this great journey may be mentioned Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten über die mongolischen Völkerschaften (2 vols., St Petersburg, 1776–1802); Novae species quadrupedum, 1778–1779; Pallas’s contributions to the dictionary of languages of the Russian empire, 1786–1780; Icones insectorum, praesertim Rossiae Siberiaeque peculiarium, 1781–1806; Zoographia rosso-asiatica (3 vols., 1831); besides many special papers in the Transactions of the academies of St Petersburg and Berlin. The empress bought Pallas’s natural history collections for 20,000 roubles, 5000 more than he asked for them, and allowed him to keep them for life. He spent a considerable time in 1793–1794 in visiting the southern provinces of Russia, and was so greatly attracted by the Crimea that he determined to take up his residence there. The empress gave him a large estate at Simpheropol and 10,000 roubles to assist in equipping a house. Though disappointed with the Crimea as a place of residence, Pallas continued to live there, devoted to constant research, especially in botany, till the death of his second wife in 1810, when he removed to Berlin, where he died on the 8th of September 1811. The results of his journey in southern Russia were given in his Bemerkungen auf einer Reise durch die südlichen Statthalterschaften des russischen Reichs (Leipzig, 1799–1801; English translation by Blagdon, vols. v.–viii. of Modern Discoveries, 1802, and another in 2 vols., 1812). Pallas also edited and contributed to Neue nordische Beiträge zur physikalischen Erd- und Völkerbeschreibung, Naturgeschichte, und Oekonomie (1781–1796), published Illustrationes plantarum imperfecte vel nondum cognitarum (Leipzig, 1803), and contributed to Buffon’s Natural History a paper on the formation of mountains.
See the essay of Rudolphi in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy for 1812; Cuvier’s Eloge in his Recueil des éloges historiques, vol. ii.; and the Life in Jardine’s Naturalists’ Library, vol. iv. (Edin., 1843).
PALLAVICINO, FERRANTE (1618–1644), Italian writer of
pasquinades, a member of the old Italian family of the Pallavicini,
was born at Piacenza in 1618. He received a good education at Padua and elsewhere, and early in life entered
the Augustinian order, residing chiefly in Venice. For a year
he accompanied Ottavio Piccolomini, duke of Amalfi, in his
German campaigns as field chaplain, and shortly after his return
he published a number of
clever but exceedingly scurrilous
satires on the Roman
curia and on the powerful
house of the Barberini, which
was so keenly resented at Rome
that a price was set on his
head. A Frenchman, Charles
de Breche, decoyed him from
Venice to the neighbourhood
of Avignon, and there betrayed
him. After fourteen months
imprisonment he was beheaded
at Avignon on the 6th of
March, 1644.
His Opere permesse was published at Venice in 1655, but being, as may be imagined, inferior in scurrility and grossness (Pallavicino’s specialities), are much less prized by the curious than the Opere scelte (Geneva, 1660), which were more than once reprinted in Holland, and were translated into German in 1663.
PALLAVICINO (or Pallavicini), PIETRO SFORZA (1607–1667).
Italian cardinal and historian, son of the Marquis Alessandro
Pallavicino of Parma, was born at Rome in 1607. Having
taken holy orders in 1630, and joined the Society of Jesus in
1638, he successively taught philosophy and theology in the
Collegium Romanum; as professor of theology he was a member
of the congregation appointed by Innocent X. to investigate the
Jansenist heresy. In 1659 he was made a cardinal by Alexander
VII. He died at Rome on the 5th of June 1667. Pallavicino
is chiefly known by his history of the council of Trent, written
in Italian, and published at Rome in two folio volumes in 1656–1657
(2nd ed., considerably modified, in 1666). In this he
continued the task begun by Terenzio Alciati, who had been
commissioned by Urban VIII. to correct and supersede the very
damaging work of Sarpi on the same subject. Alciati and
Pallavicino had access to many important sources from the use
of which Sarpi had been precluded; the contending parties,
however, are far from agreed as to the completeness of the
refutation. The work was translated into Latin by a Jesuit
named Giattinus (Antwerp, 1670–1673). There is a good
edition of the original by Zaccharia (6 vols., Faenza, 1792–1799).
It was translated into German by Klitsche in 1835–1837. He
also Wrote a life of Alexander VII. and a tragedy (Ermenegildo, 1644), &c.
His collected Opere were published in Rome in 1844–1848.
PALLIUM or Pall (derived, so far as the name is concerned,
from the Roman pallium or palla, a woollen cloak), an ecclesiastical
vestment in the Roman Catholic Church, originally
peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries past bestowed by
him on all metropolitans, primates and archbishops as a symbol
of the jurisdiction delegated to them by the Holy See. The
pallium, in its present form, is a narrow band, “three fingers
broad,” woven of white lamb’s wool, with a loop in the centre
resting on the shoulders over the chasuble, and two dependent
lappets, before and behind; so that when seen from front or
back the ornament resembles the letter Y. It is decorated
with six purple crosses, one on each tail and four on the loop, is
doubled on the left shoulder, and is garnished, back and front,
with three jewelled gold pins. The two latter characteristics
seem to be survivals of the time when the Roman pallium, like
the Greek ὠμοφόριον was a simple scarf doubled and pinned on
the left shoulder.
Drawn by Father J. Braun, and reproduced from his Die liturgische Gewandung by permission of B. Herder.Illustration of the Development of the Pallium.
The origin of the pallium as an ecclesiastical vestment is lost in antiquity. The theory that explains it in connexion with the figure of the Good Shepherd carrying the lamb on his shoulders, so common in early Christian art, is obviously an explanation a posteriori. The ceremonial connected with the preparation of the pallium and its bestowal upon the pope at his coronation, however, suggests some such symbolism. The lambs whose wool is destined for the making of the pallia are solemnly presented at the altar by the nuns of the convent of St Agnes at Rome at mass on St Agnes’ day, during the singing of the Agnus Dei. They are received by the canons of the Lateran church and handed over by them to the apostolic subdeacons, by whom they are put out to pasture till the time of shearing. The pallia fashioned of their wool by the nuns are carried by the subdeacons to St Peter’s, where they are placed by the canons on the bodies of St Peter and St Paul, under the high altar, for a night, then committed to the subdeacons for safe custody. A pallium thus consecrated is placed by the archdeacon over the shoulders of the pope at his coronation, with the words “Receive the pallium,” i.e. the plenitude of the pontifical office, “to the glory of God, and of the most glorious Virgin His Mother, and of the blessed apostles St Peter and St Paul, and of the Holy Roman Church.”
