PATIALA, or Puttiala, a native state of India, within the Punjab. It is the premier state of the Punjab, and chief of the three Sikh Phulkian states—Patiala, Natha and Jind. It consists of three detached blocks of territory, mostly in the plains, though one portion extends into the hills near Simla. Area 5412 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 1,596,692; estimated revenue, £440,000; military force (including Imperial Service troops), 3429 men. The state was founded by a Sikh chieftain about 1763, and came under British protection, with the other cis-Sutlej states, in 1809. Patiala remained conspicuously loyal to the British during the Mutiny of 1857, Narindar Singh, its ruler, setting an example to the other Sikh states which was of the utmost value. The maharaja, Rajendra Singh, who died in 1900, was devoted to riding and sport. He took part personally in the Tirah campaign of 1897–98, with a battalion of his own Imperial Service infantry and a field troop of Imperial Service lancers. In recognition of his services on this occasion he received the G.C.S.I. He was succeeded by his son, Bhupindar Singh, who was born in 1891. The town of Patiala has a station on the branch of the North-Western railway from Rajpura to Bhatinda. Pop. (1901), 53,545. It contains several fine modern buildings, including palaces, hospitals and schools.
See Phulkian States Gazetteer (Lahore, 1909).
PATIENCE, the name given to certain card-games played by a single person. Although known for centuries, they have seldom been mentioned by writers on playing-cards, and the rules have for the most part been handed down orally. There are two main varieties; in one luck alone prevails, since the player has no choice of play but must follow strict rules; in the other an opportunity is given for the display of skill and judgment, as the player has the choice of several plays at different stages of the game. The usual object is to bring the cards into regular ascending or descending sequences. The starting card is called the “foundation,” and the “family” (sequence) is “built” upon it. In other varieties of Patience the object is to make pairs, which are then discarded, the game being brought to a successful conclusion when all the cards have been paired; or to pair cards which will together make certain numbers, and then discard as before. There are hundreds of Patience games, ranging from the simplest to the most complicated.
See Jarbart’s Games of Patience in De la Rue’s series of handbooks (1905); Patience Games, by “Cavendish” (London, 1890); Cyclopaedia of Card and Table Games, by Professor Hoffmann (London, 1891); Patience Games, by Professor Hoffmann (London, 1892); Games of Patience, by A. Howard Cady (Spalding’s Home Library, New York, 1896); Dick’s Games of Patience, edited by W. B. and H. B. Dick (New York, 1898); Games of Patience (4 series), by Mary E. W. Jones (London, 1898); Le Livre illustré des patiences, by “Comtesse de Blanccœur” (Paris, 1898).
PATINA (probably from the Latin word for a flat dish, from patere, to lie open; cf. “paten”), a thin coating or incrustation which forms on the surface of bronze after exposure to the air or burial in the ground. It is looked on as a great addition to the beauty of the bronze, especially when it is of the green colour found on antique bronzes (see Bronze). By extension, the word is applied to the discoloured or incrusted surface of marble, flint, &c., acquired after long burial in the ground or exposure to the air, and also to the special colour given to wood surfaces by time.
PATIÑO, JOSÉ or Josef (1666–1736), Spanish statesman, was born at Milan, on the 11th of April 1666. His father, Don Lucas Patiño de Ibarra, Señor de Castelar, who was by origin a Galician, was a member of the privy council and inspector of the troops in the duchy of Milan for the king of Spain, to whom it then belonged. His mother’s maiden name was Beatrice de Rosales y Facini. The Patiño family were strong supporters of the Bourbon dynasty in the War of the Spanish Succession. The elder brother Baltasar, afterwards marquis of Castelar, had a distinguished career as a diplomatist, and his son Lucas was a general of some note. Jose Patiño, who had been intended for the priesthood but adopted a secular career, was granted the reversion of a seat in the senate of Milan on the accession of Phillip V. in 1700, but on the loss of the duchy he was transferred to Spain, and put on the governing body of the military orders in 1707. During the War of Succession he served as intendent of Estremadura, and then of Catalonia from 1711 to 1718. In 1717 he was named intendent of the navy, which had just been reorganized on the French model. His capacity and his faculty for hard work secured him the approval of Alberoni, with whom, however, he was never on very friendly terms in private life. Patiño’s Italian education, which affected his Spanish style, and caused him to fall into Italianisms all through his life, may have served to recommend him still further. Patiño profoundly distrusted the reckless foreign policy undertaken by Alberoni under the instigation of the king and his obstinate queen, Elizabeth Farnese. He foretold that it would lead to disaster, but as a public servant he could only obey orders, and he had the chief merit of organizing the various expeditions sent out to Sardinia, Sicily and Ceuta between 1718 and 1720. He became known to the king and queen in the latter year, while he was acting as a species of commissary-general during the disastrous operations against the French troops on the frontier of Navarre. It was not, however, until 1726 that he was fully trusted by the king. He and his brother, the marquis of Castelar, were the chief opponents of the adventurer Ripperdá, who captivated the king and queen for a time. On the fall of this remarkable person, Patiño was named secretary for the navy, the Indies—that is to say the colonies—and for foreign affairs. The war office was added to the other departments at a later date. From the 13th of May 1726 until his death on the 3rd of November 1736 Patiño was in fact prime minister. During the later part of his administration he was much engaged in the laborious negotiations with England in relation to the disputes between the two countries over their commercial and colonial rivalries in America, which after his death led to the outbreak of war in 1739.
In his Patiño y Campillo (Madrid, 1882), Don Antonio Rodriquez Villa has collected the dates of the statesman’s life, and has published some valuable papers. But the best account of Patiño’s administration is to be found in Coxe’s Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon (London, 1815), which is founded on the correspondence of the English ministers at Madrid.
PATIO, the Spanish name for an inner court or enclosed space in a house, which is open to the sky. The “patio” is a common feature in houses in Spain and Spanish America. The word is generally referred to the Lat. patere, to lie open; cf. “patent,” or to spatium, space.
PATKUL, JOHANN REINHOLD (1660–1707), Livonian politician and agitator, was born in prison at Stockholm, where his father lay under suspicion of treason. He entered the Swedish army at an early age and was already a captain when, in 1689, at the head of a deputation of Livonian gentry, he went to Stockholm to protest against the rigour with which the land-recovery project of Charles XI. was being carried out in his native province. His eloquence favourably impressed Charles XI., but his representations were disregarded, and the offensive language with which, in another petition addressed to the king three years later, he renewed his complaints, involved him in a government prosecution. To save himself from the penalties of high treason, Patkul fled from Stockholm to Switzerland, and was condemned in contumaciam to lose his right hand and his head. His estates were at the same time confiscated. For the next four years he led a vagabond life, but in 1698, after vainly petitioning the new king, Charles XII., for pardon, he entered the service of Augustus the Strong of Saxony and Poland, with the deliberate intention of wresting from Sweden Livonia, to which he had now no hope of returning so long as that province belonged to the Swedish Crown. The aristocratic republic of Poland was obviously the most convenient suzerain for a Livonian nobleman; so, in 1698, Patkul proceeded to the court of the king-elector at Dresden and bombarded Augustus with proposals for the partition of Sweden. His first plan was a combination against her of Saxony, Denmark and Brandenburg; but, Brandenburg failing him, he was obliged very unwillingly to admit Russia into the partnership. The tsar was to be content with Ingria and Esthonia, while Augustus was
