Oswio, and it was in his reign that Christianity was introduced into Middle Anglia by his son Peada.
See Bede, Hist. Eccl. (ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1896); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ed. Earle and Plummer, Oxford, 1899).
PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang), any hanging object, such as a jewel or other ornament hanging from
a brooch, bracelet, &c, or the loose end of a knight’s belt left
hanging after passing through the buckle, and terminating in
an ornamental end. In architecture the word is applied to an
elongated boss, either moulded or foliated, such as hangs down
from the intersection of ribs, especially in fan tracery, or at the
end of hammer beams Sometimes long corbels, under the wall
pieces, have been so called. The name has also been given to
the large masses depending from enriched ceilings, in the later
works of the Pointed style. “Pendants” or “Pendent posts”
are those timbers which are carried down the side of the wall
from the plate, and receive the hammer braces.
PENDENTIVE, the term given in architecture to the bridging across the angles of a square hall, so as to obtain a circular base for a dome or drain. This may be done by corbelling out in
the angles, in which case the pendentive may be a portion of a
hemisphere of which the half diagonal of the square hall is the
radius; or by throwing a series of arches across the angle, each
ring as it rises advancing in front of the one below and being
carried by it during its construction; in this case the base
obtained is octagonal, so that corbels or small pendentives
are required for each angle of the octagon, unless as in the church
of SS Sergius and Bacchus at Constantinople a portion of the
dome is set back; or again, by a third method, by sinking a
semicircular niche in the angle. The first system was that
employed in St Sophia at Constantinople, and in Byzantine
churches generally, also in the domed churches of Perigord and
Aquitaine. The second is found in the Sassanian palaces of
Serbistan and Firuzabad, and in medieval architecture in
England. France and Germany, where the arches are termed
“squinches”. The third system is found in the mosque at
Damascus, and was often adopted in the churches in Asia
Minor. There is still another method in which the pendentive
and cupola are part of the same hemispherical dome, and in
this case the ring courses lie in vertical instead of horizontal
planes, examples of which may be found in the vault of Magnesia
on Maeander in Asia Minor, and in the tomb at Valence known
as le pendentif de Valence. The problem is one which has taxed
the ingenuity of many builders in ancient times; the bas-reliefs
found at Nimrud show that in the 9th century B.C. domes were
evidently built over square halls, and must have been carried
on pendentives of some kind.
PENDER, SIR JOHN (1816–1896), British cable pioneer, was born in the Vale of Leven, Scotland, on the 10th of September 1816, and after attending school in Glasgow became a successful merchant in textile fabrics in that city and in Manchester. His name is chiefly known in connexion with submarine cables, of which on the commercial side he was an important promoter. He was one of the 345 contributors who each risked a thousand pounds in the Transatlantic Cable in 1857, and when the Atlantic Telegraph Company was ruined by the loss of the 1865 cable he formed the Anglo-American Telegraph Company to continue the work, but it was not till he had given his personal guarantee for a quarter of a million pounds that the makers would undertake the manufacture of a new cable. But in the end he was justified, and telegraphic communication with America became a commercial success. Subsequently he fostered cable enterprise in all parts of the world, and at the time of his death, which occurred at Footscray Place, Kent, on the 7th of July 1896, he controlled companies having a capital of 15 millions sterling and owning 73,640 nautical miles of cables. He represented Wick Burghs in parliament from 1872 to 1885 and from 1892 to 1896 He was made a K.C.M.G. in 1888 and was promoted in 1892 to be G.C.M.G. His eldest son James (b. 1841), who was M.P. for Mid-Northamptonshire in 1895–1900, was created a baronet in 1897, and his third son, John Denison
(b. 1855), was created a K.C.M.G. in 1901.
PENDLESIDE SERIES, in geology, a series of shales between
the upper division of the Carboniferous Limestone and the
Millstone Grits occurring in the Midlands between Stoke-on-Trent
and Settle. It consists of black limestones at the base,
followed by black shales with calcareous nodules, which pass
into sandy shales with ganister-like sandstones. In places
the series attains a thickness of 1500–1000 ft., and where it is
thickest the Millstone Grits also attain their maximum thickness.
The peculiarities of the series, which is characterized by a rich
fauna with Productus giganteus, P. striatus, Dibunophyllum,
Cyathaxonia cornu and Lonsdaleia floriformis, can be best
studied on the western slope of Pendle Hill, Lancashire, in the
valley of the Hodder, dividing the counties of Lancashire and
Yorkshire, at Mam Tor and the Edale valley in Derbyshire, and
Morredge, the Dane valley in north Staffordshire, Bagillt and
Teilia in North Wales, and Scarlett and Poolvash, Isle of Man.
The limestones at the base are hard, compact and fissile, often
cherty, and vary much in the amount of calcium carbonate which
they contain, at times passing into calcareous shales.
These limestones and shales contain a distinct fauna which appears for the first time in the Midlands, characterized by Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella laevis, Posidonomya Becheri, Posidonomya membranacea, Nomismoceras rotiforme and Glyphioceras striatus. Immediately below beds with this fauna are thin limestones with Prolecanites compressus, Stroboceras bisulcatus, many trilobites, and corals referable to the genera Cyathaxonia, Zaphrentis and Amplexizaphrentis. The fauna characteristic of the Carboniferous Limestone becomes largely extinct and is replaced by a shale fauna, but the oncoming of the age of Goniatites is shown by the presence in the upper part of the Carboniferous Limestone of numerous species and genera of this group, Glyphioceras crenestria being the most common and having the wider horizontal range. The whole Pendleside series can be divided into zones by the different species of Goniatites. At the base Prolecanites compressus characterizes the passage beds between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Pendlesides; Nomismoceras rotiforme and Glyphioceras striatus are found in a narrow zone immediately above. Then Glyphioceras reticulatum appears and reaches its maximum, and is succeeded by Glyphioceras diadema and Glyphioceras spirale, while immediately below the Millstone Grits Glyphioceras bilingue appears and passes up in that series. The Millstone Grits are characterized by the presence of Gastrioceras Listeri. The Pendleside series is therefore characterized by an Upper Carboniferous fauna, Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella laevis and some other species which pass up right through the Coal Measures appearing for the first time, and the base of the series marks the division between Upper and Lower Carboniferous times.
The series passes eastward into Belgium and thence into Germany, when the same fossil zones are found in the basin of Namur and the valley of the Dill. Traced westward the series is well developed in Co. Dublin and on the west coast of Cos. Clare and Limerick. There can be no doubt that the Pendleside series of the Midlands represents the Lower Culm of Codden Hill, north Devon, and the Lower Culm of the continent of Europe. The faunas in these localities have the same biological succession as in the midlands.
See Wheelton Hind and J. Allen Howe, Quart. Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. lvii. (1901), and numerous other papers by the first-named author. (W. Hi.)
PENDLETON, EDMUND (1721–1803), American lawyer and
statesman, was born, of English Royalist descent, in Caroline county, Virginia, on the 9th of September 1721. He was self-educated, but after reading law and being admitted to the bar (1744) his success was immediate. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1752 until the organization of the state government in 1776, was the recognized leader of the conservative Whigs, and took a leading part in opposing the British government. He was a member of the Virginia. committee of correspondence in 1773, in 1774 was president
of the Virginia provincial convention, and a member of the first
