were hushed; while an advance in moral sense was shown by the fact that a bill was passed prohibiting the importation of negroes. This, however, when submitted to the British parliament, was cancelled. Penn now, in February 1712, being in failing health, proposed to surrender his powers to the Crown. The commission of plantations recommended that Penn should receive £12,000 in four years from the time of surrender, Penn stipulating only that the queen should take the Quakers under her protection; and £1000 was given him in part payment. Before, however, the matter could go further he was seized with apoplectic fits, which shattered his understanding and memory. A second attack occurred in 1713. He died on the 30th of May 1718, leaving three sons by his second wife, John, Thomas and Richard, and was buried along with his first and second wives at Jourdans meeting-house, near Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire. In 1790 the proprietary rights of Penn’s descendants were bought up for a pension of £4000 a year to the eldest male descendant by his second wife, and this pension was commuted in 1884 for the sum of £67,000.
Penn’s Life was written by Joseph Besse, and prefixed to the collected edition of Penn’s Works (1726); see also the bibliographical note to the article in Dict. Nat. Biog. W. Hepworth Dixon’s biography, refuting Macaulay’s charges, appeared in 1851. In 1907 Mrs Colquhoun Grant, one of Penn’s descendants, brought out a book, Quaker and Courtier: the Life and Work of William Penn. (O. A.)
PENNANT, THOMAS (1726–1798), British naturalist and antiquary, was descended from an old Welsh family, for many generations resident at Downing, Flintshire, where he was born on the 14th of June 1726. He received his early education at Wrexham, and afterwards entered Queen’s College, Oxford, but did not take a degree. At twelve years of age he was inspired with a passion for natural history through being presented with Francis Willughby’s Ornithology; and a tour in Cornwall in 1746–1747 awakened his strong interest in minerals and fossils. In 1750 his account of an earthquake at Downing was inserted in the Philosophical Transactions, where there also appeared in 1756 a paper on several coralloid bodies he had collected at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire. In the following year, at the instance of Linnaeus, he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Upsala. In 1766 he published the first part of his British Zoology, a work meritorious rather as a laborious compilation than as an original contribution to science. During its progress he visited the continent of Europe and made the acquaintance of Buffon, Voltaire, Haller and Pallas. In 1767 he was elected F.R.S. In 1771 was published his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, afterwards extended into a History of Quadrupeds. At the end of the same year he published A Tour in Scotland in 1769, which proving remarkably popular was followed in 1774 by an account of another journey in Scotland, in two volumes. These works have proved invaluable as preserving the record of important antiquarian relics which have now perished. In 1778 he brought out a similar Tour in Wales, which was followed by a Journey to Snowdon (pt. i. 1781; pt. ii. 1783), afterwards forming the second volume of the Tour. In 1782 he published a Journey from Chester to London. He brought out Arctic Zoology in 1785–1787. In 1790 appeared his Account of London, which went through a large number of editions, and three years later he published the Literary Life of the late T. Pennant, written by himself. In his later years he was engaged on a work entitled Outlines of the Globe, vols. i. and ii. of which appeared in 1798, and vols. iii. and iv., edited by his son David Pennant, in 1800. He was also the author of a number of minor works, some of which were published posthumously. He died at Downing on the 16th of December 1798.
PENNAR, or Penner, two rivers of southern India, distinguished as North and South. The native name is Pinakini. Both rise near the hill of Nandidrug in Mysore state, and flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal. The northern is the more important and has a total length of 355 m., that of the southern being 245 m. This latter bears the alternative name of the Ponniar. The Pennar (northern) river canal system comprises more than 30 m. of canals, irrigating 155,500 acres.
PENNE, a town and episcopal see of Italy, in the province
of Teramo, 26 m. S.E. of Teramo, and 16 m. inland from the
Adriatic, 1437 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 10,394. The
cathedral has been much altered; in its treasury is some fine
13th (?) century silversmiths’ work; the church of S. Giovanni
has a fine cross by Nicola di Guardiagrele, and that of S. Maria
in Colleromano, outside the town, a Romanesque portal. Many
of the houses have fine terra-cotta friezes. It occupies the site
of the ancient Pinna, the chief city of the Vestini, who entered
into alliance with Rome in 301 B.C. and remained faithful to
her through the Hannibalic wars and even during the revolt
of the Italian allies in 90 B.C. No remains of the Roman period
exist, even the city walls being entirely medieval.
See G. Colasanti, Pinna (Rome, 1907); V. Bindi, Monumenti degli Abruzzi (Naples, 1889, pp. 565 sqq.).
PENNELL, JOSEPH (1860– ), American artist and author, was born in Philadelphia on the 4th of July 1860, and first
studied there, but like his compatriot and friend, J. M. Whistler,
he afterwards went to Europe and made his home in London.
He produced numerous books (many of them in collaboration
with his wife, Elizabeth Robins Pennell), but his chief distinction
is as an original etcher and lithographer, and notably as an
illustrator. Their close acquaintance with Whistler led to
Mr and Mrs Pennell undertaking a biography of that artist in
1906, and, after some litigation with his executrix on the right
to use his letters, the book was published in 1908.
PENNI, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528), Italian painter,
surnamed “Il Fattore,” from the relation in which he stood to Raphael, whose favourite disciple he was after Giulio Romano,
was a native of Florence, but spent the latter years of his life
in Naples. He painted in oil as well as in fresco, but is chiefly
known for his work in the Loggie of the Vatican.
PENNINE CHAIN, an extensive system of hills in the north of
England. The name is probably derived from the Celtic pen,
high, appearing in the Apennines of Italy and the Pennine Alps.
The English system is comprised within the following physical
boundaries. On the N. a well-marked depression, falling below
500 ft. in height, between the upper valleys of the Irthing and
the south Tyne, from which it is known as the Tyne Gap,
separates the Pennines from the system of the Cheviots. On
the N.E., in Northumberland, the foothills extend to the North
Sea. On the N.W. the Eden valley forms part of the boundary
between the Pennines and the hills of the Lake District, and the
division is continued by the upper valley of the Lune. For the
rest the physical boundaries consist of extensive lowlands—on
the E. the vale of York, on the W. the coastal belt of
Lancashire and the plain of Cheshire, and on the S. and S.E. the
valley of the river Trent. The Pennines thus cover parts of
Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumberland, Lancashire
and Yorkshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire, while the southern
foothills extend into Staffordshire and Nottinghamshire.
The Pennine system is hardly a range, but the hills are in effect broken up into numerous short ranges by valleys cut back into them in every direction, for the Pennines form a north and south watershed which determines the course of all the larger rivers in the north of England. The chain is divided into two sections by a gap formed by the river Aire flowing east, a member of the Humber basin, and the Ribble flowing west and entering the Irish Sea through a wide estuary south of Morecambe Bay.
The northern section of the Pennine system is broader and generally higher than the southern. Its western slope is generally short and steep, the eastern long and gradual; this distinction applying to the system at large. In the north-west a sharp escarpment overlooks the Eden valley. This is the nearest approach to a true mountain range in the Pennine system and indeed in England. It is known as the Cross Fell Edge from its highest point, Cross Fell (2930 ft.), to the south-east of which a height of 2780 ft. is reached in Milburn Forest, and of 2591 ft. in Mickle Fell. This range is marked off eastward by the upper valleys of the south Tyne and the Tees, and, from the divide between these two, branch ranges spring eastward, separated by the valley of the Wear, at the head of which are Burnhope Seat (2452 ft.) and Dead Stones (2326 ft.). In the northern range the highest point is Middlehope Moor (2206 ft.), and in the southern, Chapel Fell Top (2294 ft.). It is thus seen that the
