York to settle a strike in the Carnegie steel works at Homestead in 1892 precipitated a serious riot, in which about twenty persons were killed. It was necessary to call out two brigades of the state militia before the disorder was finally suppressed. The labour unions took advantage of this trouble to force Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Colorado and several other states to pass anti-Pinkerton statutes making it illegal to import irresponsible armed men from a distance to quell local disturbances. On the political side the chief features in the history of the state since 1865 have been the adoption of the constitution of 1873, the growth of the Cameron-Quay-Penrose political machine, and the attempts of the reformers to overthrow its domination. The constitution of 1838, which superseded that of 1790, extended the functions of the legislature, limited the governor’s power of appointment, and deprived negroes of the right of suffrage. The provision last mentioned was nullified by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. The chief object of the present state constitution (1873) was to prohibit local and special legislation. It increased the number of senators and representatives, created the office of lieutenant-governor, substituted biennial for annual sessions of the legislature, introduced minority representation in the choice of the higher judiciary and of the county commissioners and auditors and provided (as had an amendment adopted in 1850) for the election of all judges by popular vote. The political organization founded by Simon Cameron (q.v.) and strengthened by his son, James Donald Cameron, Matthew Stanley Quay and Boies Penrose (b. 1860), is based upon the control of patronage, the distribution of state funds among favoured banks, the support of the Pennsylvania railway and other great corporations, and upon the ability of the leaders to persuade the electors that it is necessary to vote the straight Republican ticket to save the protective system. Robert E. Pattison (1850–1904), a Democrat, was elected governor in 1883 and again in 1891, but he was handicapped by Republican legislatures. In 1905 a Democratic state treasurer was elected.
| Cornelis Jacobsen Mey | Director | 1624–1625 | ||||||
| William van Hulst | ,, | 1625–1626 | ||||||
| Peter Minuit | Governor | 1626–1632 | ||||||
| David Pieterzen de Vries | ,, | 1632–1633 | ||||||
| Wouter van Twiller | ,, | 1633–1638 | ||||||
| William Kieft | ,, | 1638–1647 | ||||||
| Peter Stuyvesant | ,, | 1647–1664 | ||||||
| Under Swedish Rule (1638–1655).[2] | ||||||||
| Peter Minuit | 1638–1641 | |||||||
| Peter Hollender | 1641–1642 | |||||||
| John Printz | 1642–1653 | |||||||
| John Pappegoya | 1653–1654 | |||||||
| John Claude Rysingh | 1654–1655 | |||||||
| Under the Duke of York (1664–1673). | ||||||||
| Richard Nicolls | 1664–1667 | |||||||
| Robert Carr | Deputy | 1664–1667 | ||||||
| Robert Needham | Commander on the Delaware | 1664–1668 | ||||||
| Francis Lovelace | 1667–1673 | |||||||
| John Carr | Commander on the Delaware | 1668–1673 | ||||||
| Under Dutch Rule (1673–1674). | ||||||||
| Anthony Colve | 1673–1674 | |||||||
| Peter Alrichs | Deputy on the Delaware | 1673–1674 | ||||||
| Under the Duke of York (1674–1681). | ||||||||
| Sir Edmund Andros | 1674–1681 | |||||||
| Under the Proprietors (1681–1693). | ||||||||
| William Markham | Deputy-Governor | 1681–1682 | ||||||
| William Penn | 1682–1684 | |||||||
| Thomas Lloyd | President of the Council | 1684–1686 | ||||||
|
Executive Commissioners | 1686–1688 | ||||||
| John Blackwell | Deputy-Governor | 1688–1690 | ||||||
| Thomas Lloyd | President of the Council | 1690–1691 | ||||||
| Thomas Lloyd | Deputy-Governor | 1691–1693 | ||||||
| William Markham[3] | ,, | 1691–1693 | ||||||
| Under the Crown (1693–1695). | ||||||||
| Benjamin Fletcher | 1693–1695 | |||||||
| William Markham | Deputy-Governor | 1693–1695 | ||||||
| Under the Proprietors (1695–1776). | ||||||||
| William Markham | Deputy-Governor | 1695–1699 | ||||||
| William Penn | 1699–1701 | |||||||
| Andrew Hamilton | Deputy-Governor | 1701–1703 | ||||||
| Edward Shippen | President of the Council | 1703–1704 | ||||||
| John Evans | Lieutenant-Governor | 1704–1709 | ||||||
| Charles Gookin | ,, | 1709–1717 | ||||||
| Sir William Keith | ,, | 1717–1726 | ||||||
| Patrick Gordon | ,, | 1726–1736 | ||||||
| James Logan | President of the Council | 1736–1738 | ||||||
| George Thomas | Deputy-Governor | 1738–1747 | ||||||
| Anthony Palmer | President of the Council | 1747–1748 | ||||||
| James Hamilton | Lieutenant-Governor | 1748–1754 | ||||||
| Robert H. Morris | Deputy-Governor | 1754–1756 | ||||||
| William Denny | ,, | 1756–1759 | ||||||
| James Hamilton | ,, | 1759–1763 | ||||||
| John Penn | ,, | 1763–1771 | ||||||
| James Hamilton | President of the Council | 1771 | ||||||
| Richard Penn | Lieutenant-Governor | 1771–1773 | ||||||
| John Penn | ,, | 1773–1776 | ||||||
| Period of Statehood (1776–). | ||||||||
| Benjamin Franklin, Chairman of the Committee of Safety | 1776–1777 | |||||||
| Thomas Wharton, Jr. | President of the Council | 1777–1778 | ||||||
| George Bryan[4] | Acting President of the Council | 1777 | ||||||
| Joseph Reed | President of the Council | 1778–1781 | ||||||
| William Moore | ,, | 1781–1782 | ||||||
| John Dickinson | ,, | 1782–1785 | ||||||
| Benjamin Franklin | ,, | 1785–1788 | ||||||
| Thomas Mifflin | ,, | 1788–1790 | ||||||
| Thomas Mifflin | Federalist | 1790–1799 | ||||||
| Thomas McKean | Democratic-Republican | 1799–1808 | ||||||
| Simon Snyder | ,, | 1808–1817 | ||||||
| William Finley | ,, | 1817–1820 | ||||||
| Joseph Heister | ,, | 1820–1823 | ||||||
| John A. Shulze | ,, | 1823–1829 | ||||||
| George Wolf | Democrat | 1829–1835 | ||||||
| Joseph Ritner | Anti-Masonic | 1835–1839 | ||||||
| D. R. Porter | Democrat | 1839–1845 | ||||||
| F. R. Shunk | ,, | 1845–1848 | ||||||
| W. F. Johnston[5] | Whig | 1848–1852 | ||||||
| William Bigler | Democrat | 1852–1855 | ||||||
| James Pollock | ,, | 1855–1858 | ||||||
| W. F. Packer | ,, | 1858–1861 | ||||||
| A. G. Curtin | Republican | 1861–1867 | ||||||
| John W. Geary | ,, | 1867–1873 | ||||||
| John F. Hartranft | ,, | 1873–1879 | ||||||
| Henry M. Hoyt | ,, | 1879–1883 | ||||||
| Robert E. Pattison | Democrat | 1883–1887 | ||||||
| James A. Beaver | Republican | 1887–1891 | ||||||
| Robert E. Pattison | Democrat | 1891–1895 | ||||||
| Daniel H. Hastings | Republican | 1895–1899 | ||||||
| William A. Stone | ,, | 1899–1903 | ||||||
| Samuel W. Pennypacker | ,, | 1903–1907 | ||||||
| Edwin S. Stuart | ,, | 1907–1911 | ||||||
| John K. Tener | ,, | 1911– | ||||||
Bibliography.—For the physiography of Pennsylvania, see W. S. Tower’s “Regional and Economic Geography of Pennsylvania,” in the Bulletins of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, vols. iv., v. and vi. (Philadelphia, 1904–1908); J. P. Lesley, A Summary Description of the Geology of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1892–1895); C. B. Trego, A Geography of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1843); and Topographic and Geologic Survey of Pennsylvania, 1906–1908 (Harrisburg, 1909). For industrial statistics see reports of the Twelfth United States Census, the Special Reports on Manufactures in 1905, by the United States Census Bureau, the annual reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States, by the United States Geological Survey, and the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture.
For the administration of the state see: The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, adopted December 16, 1873, amended November 5, 1901 (Harrisburg, 1902); S. George et al. (editors), Laws of Pennsylvania, 1682–1700, preceded by the Duke of York’s Laws, 1676–1682 (Harrisburg, 1879); A. J. Dallas (editor), Laws of Pennsylvania, 1700–1801 (Philadelphia and Lancaster, 1797–1801); Laws of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania
- ↑ Governors of New Netherland and of the Dutch settlements on the Delaware.
- ↑ The Swedish colonies on the Delaware conquered by the Dutch in 1655.
- ↑ Lloyd was deputy-governor of the province, the present state of Pennsylvania; Markham of the lower counties, the present state of Delaware.
- ↑ The state was governed by a supreme executive council in 1777–1790.
- ↑ Governor Shunk resigned in July 1848 and was succeeded by W. F. Johnston, president of the state senate.
