Señor Manuel Candamo succeeded Señor Romana as president in 1903. In the following year he died, and on the 24th of September 1904 Señor José Pardo was installed in the presidential chair. In 1908 there were some insurrectionary movements at Lima and an attempt was made to assassinate President Pardo, but they were, however, suppressed without a serious outbreak. Señor Augusto Leguiva became president on the 24th of September 1908. (C. E. A.; G. E.)
Bibliography.—Among the principal publications relating to Peru are: C. E. Akers, A History of South America (London, 1904); L. E. Albertini, Pérou en 1878 (Paris, 1878); C. B. Cisneros and R. E. Garcia, El Peru en Europa (Lima, 1900); the same authors, Geografia comercial de la America del Sud (3 vols., ibid. 1898); E. B. Clark, Twelve Months in Peru (London, 1891); Geo. R. Fitzroy Cole, The Peruvians at Home, (ibid. 1884); A. J. Duffield, Peru in the Guano Age (ibid. 1877); C. R. Enock. The Andes and the Amazon (ibid. 1907); idem, Peru, its Former and Present Civilization, &c. (ibid. 1908); P. F. Evans, From Peru to the Plate (ibid. 1889); M. A. Fuentes, Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru (ibid. 1866); Calderon F. Garcia, Le Pérou contemporain (Paris, 1907); Garcilasso de la Vega, Royal commentaries of the Incas, 1609 (Hakluyt Society’s Publications); A. Garland, La Industria azucarera en el Peru, 1550–1895 (Lima, 1895); idem, Peru in 1906 (official; ibid. 1907); Grandidier, Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Perou et Bolivie (Paris, 1863), T. Haënke, Descripcion de Peru (Lima, 1901); E. Higginson, Mines and Mining in Peru (ibid. 1903).; S. S. Hill, Travels in Peru and Mexico (2 vols., London, 1860); T. J. Hutchinson, Two Years in Peru (2 vols.; ibid. 1874); R. Laos, A Handbook of Peru for Investors and Immigrants (Baltimore, 1903); C. R. Markham, Cuzco and Lima (London, 1858); idem, Travels in Peru and India (ibid. 1862); idem, The War between Peru and Chile (ibid. 1883); idem, History of Peru (Chicago, 1892); V. M. Maurtua, The Question of the Pacific (Philadelphia, 1901); M. de Mendiburu, Diccionario histórico-biográfico del Peru (8 vols., Callao, 1874–1890); E. W. Middendorf, Peru Beobachtungen und Studien über das Land und seine Bewohner, &c. (Berlin, 1893), Federico Moreno, Petroleum in Peru (Lima, 1891); Dr M. Neveu-Lemaire, Les Lacs des hauts plateaux de l’Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1906); M. F. Paz-Soldan, Historia del Peru independiente (3 vols., 1868 et seq.); idem, Diccionario geográfico-estadistico del Peru (Lima, 1879); A. Plane, À travers l’Amérique équatoriale (Paris, 1903), W. H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1868); A. Raimondi, El Peru: Estudios mineralógicos, &c. (4 vols., Lima, 1890–1902); M. Ch. Renoz, Le Pérou (Bruxelles, 1897): G. René-Moreno, Ultimos dias coloniales en el Alto Peru 1807–1808 (Santiago de Chile, 1896–1898); F. Seebee, Travelling Impressions in and Notes on Peru (2nd ed., London, 1905); E. G. Squier, Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas (ibid. 1877); Edmond Temple, Travels in Various Parts of Peru (2 vols., ibid. 1830); J. J. Von Tschudi, Reisen durch Süd-amerika (5 vols., Leipzig, 1866–1868); idem, Travels in Peru (London, 1847); Charles Wiener, Pérou et Bolivie (Paris, 1880); Frank Vincent, Around and about South America (New York, 1890); Marie Robinson Wright, The Old and New Peru (Philadelphia, 1909); the Consular and Diplomatic Reports of Great Britain and the United States; Handbook of Peru and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Republics; and the departmental publications of the Peruvian Government.
PERU, a city of La Salle county, Illinois, U.S.A., in the north-central part of the state, on the N. bank of the Illinois
River, about 100 m. S.W. of Chicago and 1 m. W. of La
Salle, a terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Pop. (1900),
6863 (2095 foreign-born); (1910), 7984. It is served by the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific railways. The city is built on the face and top of a
series of river bluffs. It is the seat of St Bede College (Roman
Catholic, opened in 1891), conducted by Benedictine fathers.
In a large public park there is a bronze monument in memory of
the soldiers of Peru who died in the Civil War. There are
extensive coal-mines in the vicinity; and the city includes
various manufactures. Peru was first settled about 1827, was
incorporated in 1845, and re-incorporated in 1890.
PERU, a city and the county-seat of Miami county, Indiana, U. S. A., about 75 m. N. of Indianapolis, on the Wabash River.
Pop. (1910 U.S. census), 10,910. Peru is served by the Chicago
Cincinnati & Louisville, the Lake Erie & Western and the
Wabash railways (each of which maintains shops here), and by
electric lines to Indianapolis, Warsaw and other cities. The
city has a Carnegie library, a railway Young Men's Christian
Association, and a hospital for the employés of the Wabash
railroad. There is a city park on the river, and 9 m. east of the
city is Boyd park, an amusement resort. Peru is an important
grain and produce market, and has various manufactures.
In 1905 the value of the factory products was $1,703,417
(27·3% more than in 1900). Petroleum is found in the
vicinity. Peru was settled in 1834 and was chartered as a
city in 1867.
PERUGIA (anc. Perusia), a city and archiepiscopal see of
Italy, the capital of the province of Perugia (which forms the
entire compartimento of Umbria) situated 1444 ft. above sea-level.
Pop. (1906), 22,321 (town), 65,527 (commune). The
town is finely situated upon a group of hills nearly 1000 ft.
above the valley of the Tiber. Its outline is very irregular, from
the centre of the town, at the junction of several ridges, parts
of it extend for a considerable distance along their summits,
being divided from one another by deep valleys. This is the
extent enclosed by the medieval walls; within them are considerable
remains of the lofty terrace walls of the Eutruscan period.
The so-called Arco di Augusto is a town gate with a Decorated
superstructure, perhaps of the Etruscan period, bearing the
inscription Augusta Perusia, above this again is a Renaissance
loggia. The superstructure of a similar gate (Porta Marzia),
which was removed in 1540 to make way for the citadel, but is
depicted in a fresco by Benedetto Bonfigli (between 1461 and
1477), was re-erected in the substruction walls of the citadel
itself. It bears the inscription Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia,
so that the town must have become a colony in the reign of the
emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus (A.D. 251–253), who was
a native of it. Four other gates of the Etruscan period can still
be traced (F. Noack in Römische Mitteilungen, 1897, 166 sqq).
In the garden of the church of S. Elisabeth was found in 1876
a fine mosaic in black on a white ground representing Orpheus in
the midst of the beasts (Notizie degli scavi, 1876, 181; 1877 309).
The citadel was erected by Pope Paul III. in 1540–1546, after the plans of Antonio da Sangallo the younger, and demolished in 1860 (see Bacile di Castiglione in L’Arte, 1903, 347). The Piazza del Duomo is at the north of the Corso. On one side stands the cathedral of San Lorenzo, a Gothic structure of the 14th and 15th centuries, in the plan of a Latin cross, with nave and aisles of equal height, on the other the Palazzo del Municipio, presenting two fine Gothic façades, of the 14th century (though the building was not completed till 1443), with the figures of the Perugian griffin and the Guelph lion above the outside stair; and in the centre the marble fountain constructed in 1277–1280 by Arnolfo di Cambio, and adorned with statues and statuettes by Niccolo and Giovanni Pisano. The cathedral contains the burial-place of Urban IV. and Martin IV.—the remains of Innocent III. were removed to Rome in 1892 and placed in the basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano—and the Virgin’s wedding-ring; and at the north-east corner is a sitting statue of Pope Julius III. by Vincenzo Danti, erected in 1555 by the people of Perugia in gratitude for the restoration of their civic privileges. On the decoration of the Sala del Cambio, or old exchange, Perugino put forth the full force of his genius. Most of the movable paintings have since 1863 been collected in the Pinacoteca Vannucci, established in the Palazzo del Municipio; besides a considerable number of pieces by Perugino, there are specimens of Niccolò Alunno, Bonfigli, Pinturicchio, &c. A very interesting and important exhibition of Umbrian art was held here in 1907. The pictures, the needlework with some splendid pieces of embroidery from S. Francesco at Assisi, the vestments of Pope Benedict XI., and the majolica of Perugia and Deruta, a village 10 m. south, were especially noteworthy (see U. Gnoli, L’Arte umbra alla mostra di Perugia, Bergamo, 1908). The illuminated MSS. of the communal library, the cathedral and the church of S. Pietro, from the 7th century onwards, were also exhibited.
The formation of the Pinacoteca Vannucci has impaired the interest of several churches but in others it remains undiminished. San Domenico, a Gothic edifice originally designed by Giovanni Pisano but rebuilt in 1614, contains the monument of Pope Benedict XI. (attributed, but probably wrongly, to Giovanni Pisano by Vasari), and in its east front a Gothic window with stained glass by Fra Bartolommeo of Perugia (1441). San Pietro de’ Cassinensi (outside the Porta Romana) is a basilica
