was introduced to society as the countess of Peterborough. He had a son John (1681–1710) who predeceased him, and was therefore succeeded in the t1tle by his grandson Charles (1710–1779), whose son Charles Henry (1758–1814), 5th earl, died unmarried, the honours becoming extinct, except for the barony of Mordaunt which passed to a collateral branch and fell into abeyance in 1836.
Bibliography.—The best accounts of the career of Peterborough are in the life by William Stebbing (1890), and the War of the Succession in Spain, by Colonel the Hon. Arthur Parnell (1905). The earlier lives are founded on the memoir of Captain George Carleton (1728), which was analysed by Colonel Parnell, and dismissed as a fictitious narrative inspired by Swift, in the Eng. Hist. Rev. (1891), vi. 97–151). (W. P. C.)
PETERHEAD, a municipal and police burgh, and seaport of Aberdeenshire, the most easterly town in Scotland. Pop.
(1901), 11,794. It is situated about 33 m. by road E.N.E. of
Aberdeen and 4414 m. by rail, via Maud junction, on the Great
North of Scotland railway, from which there is a branch line.
The town is built of the red granite for which it is famous, and
the quarrying of which for home and foreign use constitutes
an important industry. Among the principal buildings are the
town-house (1788), with a spire 125 ft. high, and the Arbuthnot
museum and art gallery. In front of the town-hall is a statue to
Field Marshal Keith (born at Inverugie Castle, 2 m. north-west,
in 1696), which was presented to the burgh in 1868 by William I.
of Prussia, afterwards German emperor. Peterhead is one
of the Elgin district group of parliamentary burghs, with Banff,
Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie and Kintore. It formerly had an
extensive trade with the ports of the Baltic, the Levant and
America, and was once a sub-port to Aberdeen, but was made
independent in 1832. It was also for a long period the chief
seat of the Greenland trade, but the Arctic seal and whale
fishery is now extinct. The north and south harbours lie
between the town and Keith Inch—a suburb at the extremity
of the peninsula on part of which the town is built—and the
isthmus dividing them is pierced by a canal crossed by an iron
swing-bridge. In the north harbour are two graving docks A
th1rd harbour has been built, the area of the three basins
amounting to 21 acres. In addition to the granite quarrying
and polishing, the leading industries are ship- and boat-building,
agricultural implement works and woollen manufactures. The
herring fleet possesses more than 600 boats and the annual
catch averages nearly £200,000. About a mile to the south
is the convict prison for Scotland. Since 1886 the prisoners
have been employed upon the construction of a vast harbour
of refuge, for which the breakwater extends from Boddam
Point northwards across the bay. This great undertaking
(intended to be completed in 1921) was designed by Sir John
Coode (d. 1892). Peterhead is the terminus of a cable to
Norway. About 6 m. south of Peterhead are the famous
Bullers, or Roarers, of Buchan, an enormous rocky cauldron
into which the waves pour through a natural arch of granite,
with incredible violence, in a storm.
The town and lands belonged of old to the Abbey of Deer, built in the 13th century by William Comyn, earl of Buchan; but when the abbey was erected into a temporal lordship in the family of Keith the superiority of the town passed to the earl marischal, with whom it continued till the forfeiture of the earldom in 1716 The town and lands were purchased in 1720 by a fishing company in England and, on their failure, by the Merchant Maidens’ Hospital of Edinburgh for £3000, who are still the overlords Peterhead, made a burgh of barony in 1593 by George Keith, fifth earl marischal, was the scene of the landing of the Pretender on Christmas Day 1715.
PETERHOF, a town of Russia, in the government of St
Petersburg, 18 m. W. of the capital, on the south coast of the
Gulf of Finland. It was founded in 1711 and has grown up
round the palace built by Peter the Great in 1720; pop., 11,300.
Peterhof is almost exclusively a residential town, but gem-cutting
and the manufacture of agricultural implements are carried on.
The palace has undergone alterations and additions, e.g. by
Catharine II., but retains a distinct Petrine stamp. It is built
on a height 50 ft. above the sea, and contains portraits of
the Russian imperial family and other pictures. A statue of
Peter the Great was set up near the palace in 1883, and one of
Francis I. of France in 1896, a gift from the town of Havre to
Nicholas II. Peterhof is connected with Oranienbaum on the
west and with Stryelna on the east by series of gardens and
villas.
PETERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1822–1878), German
cartographer, was born at Bleicherode, near Nordhausen, on the 18th of April 1822. At the age of seventeen he entered the Geographical School of Art in Potsdam, and in 1845 proceeded to Edinburgh to assist Dr Keith Johnston in the production of an English edition of the Physical Atlas of Berghaus. In 1847 he came to London, and published among other works, an account of Barth’s expedition to Central Africa (1855). In 1854 he became director of the geographical institute of Justus Perthes in Gotha, and editor of the well-known Petermanns Mitteilungen. His work did much towards elucidating the geography of the interior of Africa and of the North Polar regions. Queen Victoria, at the suggestion of Bunsen, appointed him physical geographer-royal. Petermann died by his own hand at Gotha on the 25th of September 1878.
PETERS (or Peter), HUGH (1598–1660), English Independent divine, son of Thomas Dyckwoode, alias Peters, descended from a family which had quitted the Netherlands to escape religious persecution, and of Martha, daughter of John Treffry of Treffry in Cornwall, was baptized on the 29th of June 1598, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Having experienced conversion, he preached in Essex; returning to London he took Anglican orders and was appointed lecturer at St Sepulchre’s. He entertained, however, unorthodox opinions, and eventually left England for Holland. He visited Gustavus Adolphus in Germany about 1632, and afterwards became the minister of the English church at Rotterdam. Here his unorthodox leanings again attracted attention, and Peters made a further move to New England. He was connected with John Winthrop through his wife, and had already formed several friendships with the American colonists. He arrived at Boston in October 1635 and was given charge of the church at Salem. He took a leading part in the affairs of the colony, and interested himself in the founding of the new colony in Connecticut. In 1641 he returned to England as agent of the colony, but soon became involved in the political troubles which now began. He became chaplain to the forces of the adventurers in Ireland, and served in 1642 in Lord Forbes’s expedition, of which he wrote an account. On his return he took a violent part in the campaign against Laud, and defended the doctrines of the Independents in a preface to a tract by Richard Mather entitled “Church Government and Church Covenant discussed . . .” (1643). He gained great reputation as a preacher by his discourses and exhortations at public executions, and as army chaplain. In the latter capacity he accompanied Lord Warwick’s naval expedition to Lyme in 1644 and Fairfax’s campaigns of 1645 and 1646, when his eloquence is said to have had a marvellous effect in inspiring the soldiers and winning over the people. At the conclusion of the war, Peters, though greatly disliked by the Presbyterians and the Scots, had attained great influence as leader of the Independents. In his pamphlet “Last Report of the English Wars” (1646) he urged religious toleration, an alliance with foreign Protestants, and an active propagation of the gospel. In the dispute between the army and the parliament he naturally took the side of the former, and after the seizure of the king by the army in June 1647 had interviews with Charles at Newmarket and Windsor, in which he favourably impressed the latter, and gave advice upon the best course to pursue. He performed useful services in the second Civil War, procured guns for the besiegers at Pembroke, raised troops in the midlands, and arranged the surrender of the duke of Hamilton at Uttoxeter. Though at the Restoration he denied any complicity in the king’s death, it is certain that in his sermons he justified and supported the trial and sentence. In August he accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, and was present at the fall of Wexford,
