an extensive grant of lands. In 1196 he became duke of Swabia, on the death of his brother Conrad; and in May 1197 he married Irene, daughter of the eastern emperor, Isaac Angelus, and widow of Roger II., king of Sicily, a lady who is described by Walther von der Vogelweide as “the rose without a thorn, the dove without guile.” Philip enjoyed his brother’s confidence to a very great extent, and appears to have been designated as guardian of the young Frederick, afterwards the emperor Frederick II., in case of his father’s early death. In 1197 he had set out to fetch Frederick from Sicily for his coronation when he heard of the emperor’s death and returned at once to Germany. He appears to have desired to protect the interests of his nephew and to quell the disorder which arose on Henry’s death, but events were too strong for him. The hostility to the kingship of a child was growing, and after Philip had been chosen as defender of the empire during Frederick’s minority he consented to his own election. He was elected German king at Mühlhausen on the 8th of March 1198, and crowned at Mainz on the 8th of September following. Meanwhile a number of princes hostile to Philip, under the leadership of Adolph, archbishop of Cologne, had elected an anti-king in the person of Otto, second son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. In the war that followed, Philip, who drew his principal support from south Germany, met with considerable success. In 1199 he received further accessions to his party and carried the war into his opponent’s territory, although unable to obtain the support of Pope Innocent III., and only feebly assisted by his ally Philip Augustus, king of France. The following year was less favourable to his arms; and in March 1201 Innocent took the decisive step of placing Philip and his associates under the ban, and began to work energetically in favour of Otto. The two succeeding years were still more unfavourable to Philip. Otto, aided by Ottakar I., king of Bohemia, and Hermann I., landgrave of Thuringia, drove him from north Germany, thus compelling him to seek by abject concessions, but without success, reconciliation with Innocent. The submission to Philip of Hermann of Thuringia in 1204 marks the turning-point of his fortunes, and he was soon joined by Adolph of Cologne and Henry I., duke of Brabant. On the 6th of January 1205 he was crowned again with great ceremony by Adolph at Aix-la-Chapelle, though it was not till 1207 that his entry into Cologne practically brought the war to a close. A month or two later Philip was loosed from the papal ban, and in March 1208 it seems probable that a treaty was concluded by which a nephew of the pope was to marry one of Philip’s daughters and to receive the disputed dukedom of Tuscany. Philip was preparing to crush the last flicker of the rebellion in Brunswick when he was murdered at Bamberg, on the 21st of June 1208, by Otto of Wittelsbach, count palatine in Bavaria, to whom he had refused the hand of one of his daughters. He left no sons, but four daughters; one of whom, Beatrix, afterwards married his rival, the emperor Otto IV. Philip was a brave and handsome man, and contemporary writers, among whom was Walther von der Vogelweide, praise his mildness and generosity.
See W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Bd V. (Leipzig, 1888); E. Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig (Leipzig, 1873–1878); O. Abel, König Philipp der Hohenstaufen (Berlin, 1852); Regesta imperii. V., edited by J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1881); R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. und die deutsche Kirche während des Thronstreites von 1198–1208 (Strassburg, 1882); and R. Riant, Innocent III., Philippe de Souabe, et Boniface de Montferrat (Paris, 1875).
PHILIP I., the Handsome (1478–1506), king of Spain, son of the emperor Maximilian I., and husband of Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, and was born at Bruges on the 22nd of July 1478. In 1482 he succeeded to the Burgundian possessions of his mother Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, under the guardianship of his father. In 1496 he married Joanna. The marriage was one of a set of family alliances with Austria and Portugal designed to strengthen Spain against France. The death of John, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella, opened the succession to the Spanish Crown to Joanna. In 1502 she and her husband received the homage of the cortes of Castile and of Aragon as heirs. Philip returned to Flanders before the close of the year. His life with Joanna was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and by her jealousy, which, working on a neurotic temperament, precipitated her insanity. The princess gave way to paroxysms of rage, in which she was guilty of acts of atrocious violence. Before her mother’s death, in 1504, she was unquestionably quite insane, and husband and wife lived apart. When Isabella died, Ferdinand endeavoured to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king. He landed, with his wife, at Corunna on the 28th of April 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father and son-in-law had interviews at Remesal, near Pueblo de Senabria, and at Renedo, the only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, who he said was imprisoned by her husband. A civil war would probably have broken out between them; but Philip, who had only been in Spain long enough to prove his incapacity, died suddenly at Burgos, apparently of typhoid fever, on the 25th of September 1506. His wife refused for long to allow his body to be buried or to part from it. Philip was the father of the emperors Charles V. and Ferdinand I.
PHILIP II. (1527–1598) king of Spain, was born at Valladolid
on the 21st of May 1527. He was the son of the emperor
Charles V., and of his wife Isabella of Portugal, who were first
cousins. Philip received his education in Spain. His tutor,
Dr Juan Martinez Pedernales, who latinized his name to Siliceo,
and who was also his confessor, does not appear to have done
his duty very thoroughly. The prince, though he had a good
command of Latin, never equalled his father as a linguist.
Don Juan de Zuñiga, who was appointed to teach him the use
of arms, was more conscientious; but he had a very poor pupil.
From his earliest years Philip showed himself more addicted to
the desk than the saddle and to the pen than to the sword.
The emperor, who spent his life moving from one part of his
wide dominions to another and in the camps of his armies,
watched his heir’s education from afar. The trend of his letters
was to impress on the boy a profound sense of the high destinies
to which he was born, the necessity for keeping his nobles apart
from all share in the conduct of the internal government of his
kingdom, and the wisdom of distrusting counsellors, who would
be sure to wish to influence him for their own ends. Philip
grew up grave, self-possessed and distrustful. He was beloved
by his Spanish subjects, but utterly without the power of
attracting men of other races. Though accused of extreme
licentiousness in his relations with women, and though he lived
for years in adultery with Doña Maria de Osorio, Philip was
probably less immoral than most kings of his time, including his
father, and was rigidly abstemious in eating and drinking. His
power of work was unbounded, and he had an absolute love of
reading, annotating and drafting dispatches. If he had not
become sovereign of the Low Countries, as heir of Mary of Burgundy
through his father, Philip would in all probability have
devoted himself to warfare with the Turks in the Mediterranean,
and to the conquest of northern Africa. Unhappily for Spain,
Charles, after some hesitation, decided to transmit the Netherlands
to his son, and not to allow them to go with the empire.
Philip was summoned in 1548 to Flanders, where he went unwillingly,
and was ill regarded. In 1551 he was back in Spain,
and intrusted with its government. In 1543 he had been married
to his cousin Mary of Portugal, who bore him a son, the unhappy
Don Carlos, and who died in 1545. In 1554, when Charles was
meditating his abdication, and wished to secure the position of
his son, he summoned Philip to Flanders again, and arranged the
marriage with Mary, queen of England, who was the daughter
of his mother’s sister, in order to form a union of Spain, the
Netherlands and England, before which France would be powerless.
The marriage proved barren. The abdication of his father
on the 16th of January 1556 constituted Philip sovereign of
Spain with its American possessions, of the Aragonese inheritance
