Charles V. at the hands of Maurice in 1552, and after the conclusion of the peace of Passau in this year he returned to Hesse. Although less active than formerly, the landgrave did not cease to intrigue on behalf of the Protestants while continuing the work of reforming and organizing the Church in Hesse. In 1562 he aided the Huguenots with troops, and he was frequently in communication with the insurgents in the Netherlands; but his efforts to form a union of the Protestants were fruitless. Philip, who is sometimes called the Magnanimous, died at Cassel on the 31st of March 1567. By Christina he had four sons and five daughters, and according to his directions the landgraviate was partitioned at his death between his sons. He had also by Margaret von der Saal seven sons, who were called counts of Dietz, and one daughter.
See Ch. von Rommel, Philipp der Grossmuthige (Giessen, 1830); Briefwechsel Landgraf Philipps mit Bucer, edited by M. Lenz (Leipzig, 1881–1890); Politsches Archiv des Landgrafen Philipp, edited by F. Kuch (Leipzi, 1904), L. G. Mogen, Historia captivitatis Philippi Magnanimt (Frankfort, 1766); W. Falckenheiner, Philipp er Grossmuthrge un Bauernkrzege (Marburg, 1887); H. Schwarz, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen und die Packschen Handel (Leipzig, 1881), J. Wille, Philipp der Grossmuthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wurttemberg (Tubingen, 1882); W. W. Rockwell Dre Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen (Marburg, 1904); A. Heidenhain, Die Unionspolitik Philipps von Hessen (Halle, 1890), K. Varrentrapp, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen und die Universitat Marburg (Cassel, 1904), Von Drach and Konnecke, Die Bildnisse Philipps des Grossmutigen (Cassel, 1905); Festschrift zum Gedachtnis Philipps, published by the Verein fur hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (Cassel, 1904); and Philipp der Grossmutige, Beitrage zur Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Zeit, published by the Historischer Verein fur das Grossherzogtum Hessen (Marburg, 1904).
PHILIP, JOHN (1775–1851), British missionary in South Africa, was born on the 14th of April 1775, at Kirkcaldy, Fife, the son of a schoolmaster in that town. After having been apprenticed to a linen draper, and for three years a clerk in a Dundee business house, he entered the Hoxton (Congregational) Theological College, and in 1804 was appointed to a Congregational chapel
in Aberdeen. In 1818 he joined the Rev. John Campbell in his second journey to South Africa to inspect the stations of the London Missionary Society, and reported that the conduct of the Cape Colonists towards the natives was deserving of strong reprobation. In 1822 the London Missionary Society appointed him superintendent of their South African stations. He made his headquarters at Cape Town, where he also established and
undertook the pastorate of the Union Chapel. His indignation was aroused by the barbarities inflicted upon the Hottentots and Kaffirs (by a minority of the colonists), and he set himself to remedy their grievances; but his zeal was greater than his knowledge He misjudged the character both of the colonists and of the natives, his cardinal mistake being in regarding the African as little removed from the European in intellect and capacity. It was the period of the agitation for the abolition of slavery in England, where Philip’s charges against the colonists and the colonial government found powerful support. His influence was seen in the ordinance of 1828 granting all free coloured persons at the Cape every right to which any other British subjects were entitled. During 1826–1828 he was in England, and in the last-named year he published Researches in South Africa, containing his views on the native question. His recommendations were adopted by the House of Commons, but his unpopularity in South Africa was great, and in 1830 he was convicted of libelling a Cape official. The British government,
however, caused the Cape government to conform
to the views of Philip, who for over twenty years exercised a powerful, and in many respects unfavourable, influence over the destinies of the country. One of Philip’s ideals was the curbing of colonial “aggression” by the creation of a belt of native states around Cape Colony. In Sir Benjamin D’Urban Philip found a governor anxious to promote the interests of the natives. When however at the close of the Kaffir War of 1834–35
D’Urban annexed the country up to the Kei River, Philip’s hostility was aroused. He came to England in 1836, in company with a Kaffir convert and a Hottentot convert, and aroused public opinion against the Cape government. His views triumphed, D’Urban was dismissed, and Philip returned to the Cape as unofficial adviser to the government on all matters affecting the natives. For a time his plan of buffer states was carried out, but in 1846 another Kaffir rising convinced him of the futility of his schemes. The Kaffir chief who had accompanied
him to England joined the enemy, and many of his
converts showed that his efforts on their behalf had effected no change in their character. This was a blow from which he did not recover. The annexation of the Orange River Sovereignty in 1848 followed, finally destroying his hope of maintaining independent native states. In 1849 he severed his connexion with politics and retired to the mission station at Hankey, Cape
Colony, where he died on the 27th of August 1851.
See South Africa: History; G. M‘C. Theal’s History of South Africa since 1795 (London, ed 1908); Missionary Magazine (1836–1851); R. Wardlaw’s Funeral Sermon, 1852.
PHILIP, KING (c. 1639–1676), chief sachem of the Wampanoag Indians in America, and the son of Massasoit (d. 1662)—as the English, mistaking this title (great chief) for a proper name, called Woosamequin (Yellow Feather)—who for forty years was the friend and ally of the English colonists at Plymouth. To Massasoit’s two sons, Wamsutta and Metacomet, the English gave the names respectively of Alexander and
Philip. Alexander succeeded his father as sachem, and in the
same year, while in Marshfield, whither he had gone to explain
certain alleged unfriendly acts toward the English, was taken
ill; he died on his way home. Philip, who succeeded Alexander,
suspected the English of poisoning his brother. The English
had grown stronger and more numerous, and had begun to meddle
in the internal affairs of the Indians. In 1667 one of Philip’s
Indians accused him to the English of attempting to betray them
to the French or Dutch, but this charge was not proved. In
1671 the Plymouth authorities demanded that the Wampanoags
should surrender their arms, Philip consented, but his followers
failed to comply, and measures were taken to enforce the promise.
Philip thereupon went before the general court, agreed to pay an
annual tribute, and not to sell lands or engage in war with other
Indians without the consent of the Plymouth government. In
1674, when three Wampanoags were executed at Plymouth for
the alleged murder of Sassamon, an Indian convert who had
played the part of informer to the English, Philip could no
longer hold his followers in check. There were outbreaks in the
middle of June 1675, and on the 24th of June the massacre of
whites began. There was no concerted movement of the various
tribes and the war had not been previously planned. The
Nipmuck Indians rose in July; the tribes along the Connecticut
river in August; those in the present states of Maine and New
Hampshire in September and October, and the Narragansets
in December, when (on the 19th) they were attacked and seriously
crippled, in what is now the township of South Kingstown,
Rhode Island, by the English (under Governor Josiah Winslow
of Plymouth), who suspected their loyalty.
The colony of Connecticut took quick measures of defence, guarded its frontier, maintained its alliance with the Mohegans, and suffered little injury. Massachusetts and Plymouth were slower in acting and suffered great loss. Rhode Island raised no troops, and suffered severely. Early in the autumn Philip went nearly as far west as Albany in an unsuccessful attempt to get aid from the French and the Mohawks and supplies from the Dutch traders. At Deerfield on the 18th of September about 60 English were killed and the settlement was abandoned. In the spring of 1676 it became evident that the Indian power was waning. The warriors had been unable to plant their crops; they were weaker numerically and more poorly armed than the English, and the latter had also made an alliance with the friendly Naticks and the Niantics. On the 1st of August 1676 Philip’s wife and nine-year old son were captured, and on the 11th of August an Indian traitor guided the English to the sachem’s hiding place in a swamp at the foot of Mount Hope (in what is now the township of Bristol, Rhode Island), where early the next morning he was surprised, and while trying to escape was killed by an Indian. The head of Philip was sent to Plymouth and set
