Roosevelt signed an act establishing the civil government of the Philippines and providing for a new legislative body. A census was authorized and was taken in 1903. The act of 1902 also authorized the purchase of land belonging to the friars. Although among such an ignorant and diversified body as that of the Filipinos public opinion can hardly be said to exist, there is no doubt that the hatred of the friars was practically universal. When the revolution came the members of the four orders had to flee for their lives, although the people who killed or imprisoned those they could catch were generally good Catholics. As the insular government could not safely allow the friars to return to their parishes the friars' lands were bought for $7,000,000. Mr Taft managed the delicate task of conducting negotiations with the Vatican without arousing the hostility of either Catholics or Protestants. On the 1st of February 1904 General L. E. Wright became governor. He was succeeded in 1905 by Mr H. C. Ide, who was succeeded by General James T. Smith in 1906. The elections for the first Philippine Assembly were held on the 30th of July 1907, and 31 Nationalists, 16 Progressists, 33 Independents and others were elected. The total vote cast was about 100,000. In many districts the Nationalists' candidates promised that if they were returned immediate independence would follow. When the Assembly met it became apparent that the great majority were more anxious to act as a dignified branch of the legislature than to maintain consistency with their pre-election declarations. The legislature convened for its second session on the 1st of February 1909. During this session 72 laws were passed, of which 23 had been introduced by the Commission and 49 by the Assembly. Among the acts was one providing for the continuance of Spanish as the official language of the courts until 1913; an act providing for bankruptcy; and an act fixing the age of majority at 21 years.
Governor Smith left the islands in May 1909 and was succeeded by W. Cameron Forbes. On the 6th of August 1909 the Payne and Colton bills became law, greatly promoting trade between the Islands and the United States (see Communications and Commerce). On the 2nd of November 1909 delegates were elected for the second Philippine Assembly. (H. Bi.)
Bibliography.—See, in general, A. P. C. Griffin, A List of Books on the Philippine Islands in the Library of Congress (Washington, 1903), with references to periodicals; T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Biblioteca filipina (ibid. 1903); W. E. Retana, Aparato bibliografico de la historia general de Filipinas (3 vols., Madrid, 1906); idem. Archivo de bibliofilo filipino (Madrid, 1895); J. A. Robertson, Bibliography of the Philippine Islands (Cleveland, Ohio, 1908). For statistics, general description and material on administration, see Census of the Philippine Islands in 1903 (4 vols., Washington, 1905); Pronouncing Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary of the Philippine Islands (Washington, 1902); Ethnological Survey Publications of the Department of the Interior (Manila, 1904 sqq.); Reports of the Philippine Commission (Washington, 1901 sqq.); Sir John Bowring, A Visit to the Philippine Islands (London, 1859); D. C. Worcester, The Philippine Islands and their People (New York, 1898); F. W. Atkinson, The Philippine Islands (Boston, 1905), C. H. A. F. Lindsay, The Philippines under Spanish and American Rules (Philadelphia, 1906); A. H. S. Landor, The Gems of the East (New York, 1904); M. A. Hamm, Manila and the Philippines (London, 1898); J. A. LeRoy, Philippine Life in Town and Country (ibid. 1905); J. B. Devins, An Observer in the Philippines (Boston, 1905); R. R. Lala, Philippine Islands (New York, 1899); H. C. Potter, The East To-day and To-morrow (ibid. 1902); F. Blumentritt, Die Philippinen (Hamburg, 1900); H. P. Willis, Our Philippine Problem, a Study of American Colonial Policy (New York, 1905); Edith Moses, Unofficial Letters of an Official's Wife (ibid. 1908); W. B. Freer, The Philippine Experiences of an American Teacher (ibid. 1906); J. G. Schurman, Philippine Affairs (ibid. 1902); W. H. Taft, Civil Government in the Philippines (ibid. 1902); and Special Report to the President on the Philippines (Washington, 1908); and R. C. McGregor, Manual of Philippine Birds (New York, 1909). For the history of the islands, see E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1495-1898 (55 vols., Cleveland, 1903-1909), J. Montero y Vidal, Historia general de Filipinas (3 vols., Madrid, 1887-1895); Juan de la Concepcion (1724-1787), Historia general de Philipinas (14 vols., Manila, 1788-1792); Gaspar de San Agustin (1650-1724), Conquistas de las islas Philipinas (2 vols, Valladolid, 1890); Le Gentil, Voyage dans les mers de l'Inde (Paris, 1781); F. Colin, Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la compañia de Jesus, fundacion, y progresses de su provincia en islas Filipinas (3 vols., Barcelona, 1900-1902); J. Martinez de Zúñiga, Historia de las islas Philipinas (Sampaloc, 1803; Eng. trans., London, 1815) J. J. Delgado, Historia general sacro-profana, politica y natural des islas del Poniente, llamadas Filipinos (Manila, 1892); E. G. Bourne, Discovery, Conquest and Early History of the Philippine Islands (Cleveland, 1907); F. Combes (1620-1665), Historia de Mindanao y Joló (Madrid, 1897); J. M. Castillo y Jimenez, El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinos (Madrid, 1897); E. R. Delmas, La Insurreccion de Filipinos en 1896 y 1897 (2 vols, Barcelona, 1899); F. D. Millet, The Expedition to the Philippines (London, 1899); and J. Pellicena y López, La Verdad sobre Filipinas (Manila, 1900).
PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe), the
capital of Eastern Rumelia, and of the department of Philippopolis,
Bulgaria; situated in the midst of picturesque granite
eminences on the right bank of the river Maritza, 96 m. E.S E.
of Sofia and 97 m. W.N.W. of Adrianople. Pop. (1906) 45,572,
of whom a large majority are Bulgarians, and the remainder
chiefly Turks, Greeks, Jews, Armenians or gipsies. Philippopolis
is on the main railway from Vienna to Constantinople,
via Belgrade and Sofia. The Maritza is navigable up to this
point, and as the city has communication by rail both with the
port of Dédéagatch on the Mediterranean and that of Burgas
on the Black Sea, and is situated in a remarkably fertile country,
it has become the chief commercial centre of southern Bulgaria,
and is the seat of both Greek and Bulgarian archbishops.
The residences of the richer Greeks and Bulgarians occupy the
slopes of the largest eminence, the Jambaz-tépé, in the centre
of the city; between it and the Nobtet-tépé, from the summit
of which there is a magnificent view of the city, is the Armenian
quarter; near the bridge over the Maritza is the poorer Turkish
quarter; and south-west of the Jambaz-tépé there is a suburb
of villas. On the Bunari-tépé a monument has been erected
by the Russians in commemoration of the war of 1877, and near
this is the new palace of the king of Bulgaria. The Sahub-tépe
is crowned by a clock-tower. Not far from it are the
beautiful Exhibition Park laid out in 1892 and the fine Journaia-Jami
Mosque. Near the Maritza are the remains of the ancient
konak (palace) of the Turkish pashas, the public park formed
by the Russians in 1877, the gymnasium, and the new Greek
cathedral. The city has a large commerce in rice, attar of roses,
and cocoons; other exports being wheat, wine, tobacco, alcohol
and hides.
Eumolpia, a Thracian town, was captured by Philip of Macedon and made one of his frontier posts, hence its name of Philippopolis, or “Philip's City.” Under the Romans Philoppopolis or Trimontium became the capital of Thracia; and, even aftei its capture by the Goths, when 100,000 persons are said to have been slain, it continued to be a flourishing city till it was again sacked by the Bulgarians in 1205. It passed under Turkish rule in 1363; in 1818 it was destroyed by an earthquake; and in 1846 it suffered from a severe conflagration. During the war of 1877-78 the city was occupied by the Russians (see also Bulgaria: History).
PHILIPPSBURG, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of
Baden, situated on a sluggish arm of the Rhine, 15 m. N. of
Karlsruhe, on the railway Bruchsal-Germersheim. Pop. (1905)
2625. It has manufactures of tobacco and cigars, and some
trade in cattle and hops. Philippsburg, formerly an important
fortress, originally belonged to the ecclesiastical principality
of Spires, and was named Udenheim. In 1338 it was surrounded
with walls by bishop Gerhard. A later bishop of Spires,
Philipp Christoph von Sotern, made the place his residence early
in the 17th century, strengthened the fortifications, and renamed
it Philippsburg after himself. At the peace of Westphalia in
1648 the French remained in possession of the town, but in
1679 it was restored to Germany, and though again captured
by the French in 1688 it was once more restored in 1697. In
1734 the dilapidated fortress fell an easy prey to the French
under Marshal Berwick, who, however, lost his life beneath
its walls. It was restored to Germany in 1735, and was again
besieged by the French in 1799. The town was assigned to
Baden in 1803.
See Nopp, Geschichte der Stadt Philippsburg (Philippsburg, 1881).
