of the citadel. In 386 he excited the jealousy of the tyrant by secretly marrying his niece, and was sent into banishment. He settled at Thurii, but afterwards removed to Adria, where he remained until the death of Dionysius (366). He was then recalled by the younger Dionysius, whom he persuaded to dismiss Plato and Dion. When Dion set sail from Zacynthus with the object of liberating Syracuse from the tyrannis, Philistus was entrusted with the command of the fleet, but he was defeated and put to death (356). During his stay at Adria, Philistus occupied himself with the composition of his Σικελικά, a history of Sicily in eleven books. The first part (bks. i.–vii.) comprised the history of the island from the earliest times to the capture of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians (406); the second, the history of the elder and the younger Dionysius (down to 363). From this point the work was carried on by Philistus’s fellow countryman Athanas. Cicero (ad. Q. Fr. ii. 13), who had a high opinion of his work, calls him the “miniature Thucydides” (pusillus Thucydides). He was admitted by the Alexandrian critics into the canon of historiographers, and his work was highly valued by Alexander the Great.
See Diod. Sic. xiii. 103, xiv. 8, xv. 7, xvi 11, 16; Plutarch, Dion, 11-36; Cicero, Brutus, 17, De oratore, ii 13; Quintillian, Instit. x. 1, 74; fragments and life in C. W. Müller, Fragmenta historicorum graecorum, vol. i. (1841); C. Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte (1895), E. A. Freeman, History of Sicily (1891–1894); A. Holm, Geschichte Siciliens im Altert. (1870–1898).
PHILLAUR, a town of British India, in Jullundur district, Punjab, on the north bank of the river Sutlej, 8 m. N. of Ludhiana. Pop. (1901), 6986. Founded by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan, it was long of importance as commanding the crossing of the Sutlej. At the Mutiny in 1857 the fort contained the siege train, which was sent safely to Delhi; but the sepoy regiment in the cantonment shortly afterwards mutinied and escaped. The fort is now occupied by the police training school and the central bureau of the criminal identification department.
PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810–1885), English
judge, third son of a well-known ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr Joseph Phillimore, was born at Whitehall on the 5th of November 1810. Educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, where a lifelong friendship with W. E. Gladstone began, his first appointment was to a clerkship in the board of control, where he remained from 1832 to 1835. Admitted as an advocate at Doctors Commons in 1839, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1841, and rose very rapidly in his profession. He was engaged as counsel in almost every case of importance that came before the admiralty, probate or divorce courts, and became successively master of faculties, commissary of the deans and chapters of St Paul’s and Westminster, official of the archdeaconries of Middlesex and London, and chancellor of the dioceses of Chichester and Salisbury. In 1853 he entered parliament as member for Tavistock. A moderate in politics, his energies were devoted to non-party measures, and in 1854 he introduced the bill for allowing viva voce evidence in the ecclesiastical courts. He sat for Tavistock until 1857, when he offered himself as a candidate for Coventry, but was defeated. He was appointed judge of
the Cinque Ports in 1855, Queen’s Counsel in 1858, and advocate general in admiralty in 1862, and succeeded Dr Stephen Lushington (1782–1873) as judge of the court of arches five years later. Here his care, patience and courtesy, combined with unusual
lucidity of expression, won general respect. In 1875, in accordance with the Public Worship Regulation Act, he resigned, and was succeeded by Lord Penzance. When the Judicature Act came into force the powers of the admiralty court were transferred
to the High Court of justice, and Sir Robert Phillimore was
therefore the last judge of the historic court of the lord high
admiral of England. He continued to sit as judge for the new
admiralty, probate and divorce division until 1883, when he
resigned. He wrote Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England,
a book which still holds its ground, Commentaries on International Law, and a translation of Lessing’s Laocoon. He married, in 1844, Charlotte Anne, daughter of John Denison of Ossington Hall, Newark. He was knighted in 1862, and created a baronet
in 1881. He died at Shiplake, near Henley-on-Thames, on
the 4th of February 1885. His eldest son, Sir Walter G. F.
Phillimore (b. 1845), also distinguished as an authority
on ecclesiastical and admiralty law, became in 1897 a judge of the high court.
PHILLIP, JOHN (1817–1867), Scottish painter, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 19th of April 1817. His father, an old soldier, was in humble circumstances, and the son became
an errand-boy to a tinsmith, and was then apprenticed to a
painter and glazier. Having received some technical instruction
from a local artist named William Mercer, he began, at the age
of about fifteen, to paint portraits. In 1834 he made a very
brief visit to London. About this time he became assistant to
James Forbes, an Aberdeen portrait-painter. He had already
gained a valuable patron. Having been sent to repair a window
in the house of Major P. L. Gordon, his interest in the works of
art in the house attracted the attention of their owner. Gordon
brought the young artist under the notice of Lord Panmure,
who in 1836 sent him to London, promising to bear the cost of
his art education. At first Phillip was placed under T. M. Joy,
but he soon entered the schools of the Royal Academy. In 1830
he figured for the first time in the royal academy exhibition with
a portrait and a landscape, and in the following year he was
represented by a more ambitious figure-picture of “Tasso in
Disguise relating his Persecutions to his Sister.” For the next
ten years he supported himself mainly by portraiture and by
painting subjects of national incident, such as “Presbyterian
Catechizing,” “Baptism in Scotland,” and the “Spaewife.”
His productions at this period, as well as his earlier subject pictures,
are reminiscent of the practice and methods of Wilkie
and the Scottish genre-painters oi his time. In 1851 his health
showed signs of delicacy, and he went to Spain in search of a
warmer climate. He was brought face to face for the first time
with the brilliant sunshine and the splendid colour of the south,
and it was in coping with these that he first manifested his
artistic individuality and finally displayed his full powers. In
the “Letter-writer of Seville” (1854), commissioned by Queen
Victoria at the suggestion of Sir Edwin Landseer, the artist is
struggling with new difficulties in the portrayal of unwonted
splendours of colour and light. In 1857 Phillip was elected an
associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1859 a full member. In
1855 and in 1860 further visits to Spain were made, and in each
case the painter returned with fresh materials to be embodied
with increasing power and subtlety in the long series of works
which won for him the title of “Spanish Phillip.” His highest
point of execution is probably reached in “La Gloria” (1864)
and a smaller single-figure painting of the same period entitled
“El Cigarillo.” These Spanish subjects were varied in 1860
by a rendering of the marriage of the princess royal with the
crown prince of Prussia, executed by command of the queen,
and in 1863 by a picture of the House of Commons. During his
last visit to Spain Phillip occupied himself in a careful study of
the art of Velazquez, and the copies which he made fetched large
prices after his death, examples having been secured by the royal
and the royal Scottish academies. The year before his death he
visited Italy and devoted attention to the works of Titian. The
results of this study of the old masters are visible in such works
as “La Loteria Nacional,” left uncompleted at his death. During
this period he resided much in the Highlands, and seemed to be
returning to his first love for Scottish subjects, painting several
national scenes, and planning others that were never completed
He died in London on the 27th of February 1867.
His works were collected in the International Exhibition of 1873, and many of them are engraved by T. Oldham Barlow. In addition to the paintings already specified the following are among the more important: “Life among the Gipsies of Seville” (1853), “El Paseo” (1855), “Collection of the Offertory in a Scotch Kirk” (1855), “A Gipsy Water-carrier in Seville” (1855), “The Prayer of Faith shall save the Sick” (1856), “The Dying Contrabandist” (1856), “The Prison Window” (1857), “A Huff” (1859), “Early Career of Murillo” (1865), “A Chat round the Brasero” (1866).
PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833–1882), American contralto singer, was born at Stratford-on-Avon, England, her family emigrating to America in 1840. Her mother taught dancing,
