or condemnations, ” and during this time adjusted on behalf of Maryland a claim of the state to stock in the Bank of England. In May 1806, with James Monroe, then minister at London, he was commissioned to treat with the British government concerning the capture of neutral ships in time of war, in 1807–1811, after Monroe's return to America, he was resident minister in London. He was elected to the Maryland senate in September 1811, and from December 1811 to January 1814 was attorney general of the United States. In August 1814 he was wounded at Bladensburg. He served in the National House of Representatives in January-April 1816, and in 1816–1818 was minister plenipotentiary to Russia and special minister to Naples, where he attempted to secure indemnity for the losses to American merchants by seizure and confiscation during the rule of Murat in 1809. From 1820 until his death, at Washington, on the 25th of February 1822, he was a member of the United States Senate. He was a member of the conference committee on the bill for the admission of Maine and Missouri, which in its final form embodied what vs known as the Missouri Compromise. Pinkney was a remarkably able lawyer and an orator of the old school.
See The Life of William Pinkney (New York, 1853) by his nephew, William Pinkney (1810–1883), who was Protestant Episcopal bishop of Virginia in 1879–1883; and Henry Wheaton, Some Account of the Life, Writings, and Speeches of William Pinkney (New York, 1828)
PINNACE, the name of two types of vessel or boat, one a light sailing vessel with two schooner-rigged masts, the other a heavy eight-oared man-of-war's boat. The word is usually referred to Lat pinus, pine, but this derivation is at variance with the earlier form “ spinace.”
PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna;
the Gr. πτερύγιον, diminutive of πτέρυξ, wing, is also used in
this sense), an architectural ornament originally forming the
cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used
on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations
Some writers have stated that there were no pinnacles in the
Romanesque styles, but conical caps to circular buttresses, with
finial terminations, are not uncommon in France at very early
periods Viollet-le-Duc gives examples from St Germer and St
Remi, and there is one of similar form at the west front of
Rochester Cathedral. In the 12th-century Romanesque two examples
have been cited, one from Bredon in Worcestershire, and
the other from Cleeve in Gloucestershire. In these the buttresses
run up, forming a sort of square turret, and crowned with a
pyramidal cap, very much like those of the next period, the
Early English. In this and the following styles the pinnacle
seems generally to have had its appropriate uses. It was a
weight to counteract the thrust of the vaults, particularly where
there were flying buttresses, it stopped the tendency to slip of
the stone copings of the gables, and counterpoised the thrust
of spires, it formed a pier to steady the elegant perforated
parapets of later periods, and in France especially served to
counterbalance the weight of overhanging corbel tables, huge
gargoyles, &c. In the Early English period the small buttresses
frequently finished with gablets, and the more important with
pinnacles supported with clustered shafts. At this period the
pinnacles were often supported on these shafts alone, and were
open below, and in larger work in this and the subsequent
periods they frequently form niches and contain statues. About
the Transition and during the Decorated period, the different
faces above the angle shafts often finish with gablets. Those
of the last-named period are much richer, and are generally
decorated with crockets and finials, and sometimes with ball flowers
Very fine groups are found at Beverley Minster and
at the rise of the spire of St Mary's, Oxford. Perpendicular
pinnacles differ but little from Decorated, except that the
crockets and finials are of later character. They are also
often set angle-ways, particularly on parapets, and the shafts
are panelled. In France pinnacles, like spires, seem to have
been in use earlier than in England. There are small pinnacles
at the angles of the tower in the abbey of Saintes. At
Roullet there are pinnacles in a similar position, each composed
of four small shafts, with caps and bases surmounted with
small pyramidal spires. In all these examples the towers have
semicircular-headed windows.
PINNOCK, WILLIAM (1782–1843), English publisher and
educational writer, was born at Alton, Hampshire, on the 3rd of February 1782, and was at first a schoolmaster, then a bookseller.
In 1817 he went to London and, in partnership with
Samuel Mander, began to publish cheap educational works.
The f1rm's first productions were a series of Catechzsms, planned
by Pinnock, consisting of short popular manuals, arranged in
the form of question and answer, of the different departments
of knowledge. They were followed by abridged editions of
Goldsmith's histories of England, Greece and Rome, and a series
of county histories which were no less profitable. Pinnock lost
nearly all his money in outside speculation, and died in London
on the 21st of October 1843. His son, William Henry Pinnock
(1813–1885), a clergyman, was the editor and author of several
elementary textbooks and scriptural manuals, and of various
works on ecclesiastical law and usage.
PINOCHLE, or Penuchle (Ger. Pinochel or Binochel, of uncertain etymology), a game of cards probably invented by Germans in the United States about the middle of the IQIh century. It bears a general resemblance to Bézique (q.v.), and has almost entirely usurped the place of the older game in America. Pinochle may be played by two, three or four
persons. Two packs, from which all cards below the nines have
been deleted, are shuffled together, forming one pack of 48
cards. The object of the gaine is to make 1000 points. The
cards rank as follows: ace 11, ten IO, king 4, queen 3, knave 2.
The nine counts nothing unless it be turned for trumps, when it
scores IO. The last trick scores 10. The term “ to meld ”
(Ger. melden, to announce), as used in pinochle, means “ to
declare.” “ Melds ” are combinations which are declared
during the play of the hands. They are of three classes' (1)
“ marriages ” and “ sequences, ” (2) “ pinochle's, " and (3)
“f0urs.” The “ melds” of the first class score as follows:
“marriage ” (king and queen of any plain suit), 20; “ royal
marriage ” (king and queen of trumps), 40; “ sequence ” (the
five highest trumps), 150. In the second class the “ melds ”
are “ pinochle ” (queen of spades and knave of diarnonds), 40;
“ double pinochle ” (both queens of spades and knaves of
diamonds), 300; “ grand pinochle ” (king and queen of spades
and knave of diamonds), 80; this “ meld ” is not often played
in America. Of the third class the “ melds ” are: four aces of
different suits, 100; four kings of different suits, 80, four queens
of different suits, 60; four knaves of different suits, 40, eight
aces, 1000; eight kings, 800; eight queens, 600; eight knaves,
400.
In single pinochle (two players) each player receives twelve cards, four at a time, the twenty-fifth being turned up beside the stock for trumps. The non-dealer leads a card, to which the dealer plays. There is no obllgatlon either to take, follow suit or trump. The winner of the trick eads again, before which, however, he may “ meld ” any one combination he holds. After he has “ melded, or refused to do so, he draws a card from the top of the stock and adds it to his hand without showing it, his adversar doing the same, so that each player continues to hold twelve cards. Playing, announcing, and drawing then go on until the stock is exhausted. All combinations “ melded ” must be laid face upward on the table but still belong to the player's hand, though they may not be taken up until the stock has given out. When this happens all announcements cease, and all cards exposed are replaced in the hands. The last twelve tricks are then played, but now both players must follow suit and must win the trick if possible, either with a superior card or a trump A failure to do this IS a “ revoke ” and is penalized by the loss of all points made by “ cards, " 1 e. for the five highest cards in each sult, which after all the trlcks have been played, are counted for the player holding them. Ace counts II points, ten 10, king 4, queen 3, and knave 2, whatever the suit, so that 240 points for “ cards " are divided between the two players. Though points are not counted during the play, a mental count is kept, and whenever a player sees that, by adding the value of his “ melds " to what he thinks his cards will count, he has enough to win the game, namely 1000 points, he “ calls out " or knocks on the table, and proceeds to expose his cards. If he fails to show enough to win, he loses the game If neither player knocks, the game continues until one of them scores 1250; if still a tie, 1500. If a player fails to make good a “ meld ” he is set back that number of points. The game is scored by counters or on a cribbage-board.
