A moderate supporter of the revolution, he was returned to the Convention for the department of Calvados in 1792, and became Commissary with the army of the North. He voted for the imprisonment of Louis XVI. during the war, and his banishment after the peace. He then attached himself to the party of the Gironde, and in August 1793 was outlawed. He had refused to defend his compatriot Charlotte Corday, who wrote him a letter of reproach on her way to the scaffold. He returned to the Convention on the 8th of March 1795, and showed an unusual spirit of moderation by defending Prieur de la Marne and Robert Lindet. President of the Convention in July 1795, he was for some months a member of the council of public safety. He was subsequently elected to the council of five hundred, but was suspected of royalist leanings, and had to spend some time in retirement before the establishment of the consulate., Becoming senator in 1805, and count of the empire in 1808, he organized the national guard in Franche Comté in 1811, and the defence of the north-eastern frontier in 1813. At the first restoration Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France, and although he received a similar honour from Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he sat in the upper house under the Second Restoration. He died in Paris on the 3rd of April 1853, leaving memoirs and correspondence from which were extracted four volumes (1861–1865) of Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires 1764–1848.
His son Louis Adolphe Le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1794–1882), served under Napoleon in 1812 and 1814, and then emigrated to Brazil, where he took part in the abortive insurrection at Pernambuco in 1817. He also organized a French volunteer contingent in the Belgian revolution of 1830, and was wounded at Louvain. The rest of his life was spent. in Paris in the study of ancient music and acoustics. Among his works was one on the Musée instrumental du conservatoire de musique (1864). A younger brother, Philippe Gustave Le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (1795–1874), served in the army until 1849, when he retired to devote himself to mathematics and astronomy. His works include Théorie analytique du système du monde (Paris, 1829–1846) and Traité élementaire de physique céleste (2 vols., Paris, 1840).
PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written “Pomfret”),
a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough
in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 21 m. S.S.W. from
York, served by the Midland, North-Eastern and Lancashire &
Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1891), 9702; (1901), 13,427. It is well
situated, mainly on an eminence, near the junction of the
Aire and the Calder. The most important of the antiquarian
remains are the ruins of the famous castle situated on a rocky
height, originally covering with its precincts an area of over
8 acres, and containing in all eight round towers. The remains
are principally of Norman date, and an unusual feature of the
stronghold is the existence of various subterranean chambers in.
the rock. Below the castle is All Saints church, which suffered
severely during the siege of the castle, but still retains some work
of the 12th century. In 1837 the tower and transepts were
fitted for divine service. The church of St Giles, formerly a
chapel of ease to All Saints, but made parochial in the 18th
century, is of Norman date, but most of the present structure
is modern. The 17th-century spire was removed in 1707, and
replaced by a square tower, which was rebuilt in 1797; the chancel
was rebuilt in 1869. In Southgate is an ancient hermitage
and oratory cut out of the solid rock, which dates from 1396.
On St Thomas’s Hill, where Thomas, earl of Lancaster, was
beheaded in 1322, a chantry was erected in 1373, the site of
which is now occupied by a windmill built of, its stones. At
Monkhill there are the remains of a Tudor building called the
Old Hall, probably constructed out of the old priory of St John’s.
A grammar school of ancient foundation, renewed by Elizabeth
and George III., occupies modern buildings. The town-hall
was built at the close of the 18th century on the site of one
erected in 1656, which succeeded the old moot-hall dating from
Saxon times. Among other buildings are the court house, the
market hall, the assembly rooms (handsome building adjoining
the town-hall), and large barracks. The foundation of the
principal almshouse, that of St Nicholas, dates from before the
Conquest. Trinity Hospital was founded by Sir Robert Knolles
(d. 1407), an eminent military commander in the French wars
of Edward III. At Ackworth, in the neighbourhood, there is a
large school of the Society of Friends or Quakers (1778), in the
foundation of which Dr John Fothergill (1712–1780) was a prime
mover. There are extensive gardens and nurseries in the
neighbourhood of Pontefract, and liquorice is largely grown
for the manufacture of the celebrated Pomfret cakes. The
town possesses iron foundries, sack and matting manufactories,
tanneries, breweries, corn mills and brick and terra-cotta works.
The parliamentary borough, falling within the Osgoldcross
division of the county, returns one member (before 1885 the
number was two). The town is governed by a mayor, six aldermen
and 18 councillors. Area, 4078 acres.
The remains of a Roman camp have been discovered near Pontefract, but there is no trace of settlement in the town itself until after the Conquest. At the time of the Domesday Survey Tateshall (now Tanshelf, a suburb of the town) was the chief manor and contained 60 burgesses, while Kirkby, which afterwards became the borough of Pontefract, was one of its members; The change was probably owing to the fact that Ilbert de Lacy, to whom the Conqueror had granted the whole of the honour of Pontefract, founded a castle at Kirkby, on a site said to have been occupied by a fortification raised by Ailric, a Saxon thane. Several reasons are given for the change of name but none is at all satisfactory. One account says that it was caused by a broken bridge which delayed the Conqueror’s advance to the north, but this is known to have been at Ferrybridge, three miles away; a second says that the new name was derived from a Norman town called Pontfrete, which, however, never existed; and a third that it was caused by the breaking of a bridge in 1153 on the arrival of the archbishop of York, St William, when several people were miraculously preserved from drowning, although the town was already known as Pontefract in 1140 when Archbishop Thurstan died there. The manor remained in the Lacy family until it passed by marriage to Thomas, duke of Lancaster, who was beheaded on a hill outside the town after the battle- of Boroughbridge. His estates were restored to his brother Henry, earl of Lancaster, on the accession of Edward III., and the manor has since then formed part of the duchy of Lancaster. The town took part in most of the rebellions in the north of England, and in 1399 Richard II. was imprisoned and secretly murdered in the castle. During the Wars of the Roses the town was loyal to Henry VI., and several of the Yorkist leaders were executed here after the battle of Wakefield. It was taken by Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, in 1536. In 1642 the castle was garrisoned for Charles I. and sustained four sieges, the second, in 1644, being successful, but two years later it was retaken by the royalists, who held it until after the execution of the king, when they surrendered to General Lambert and the castle was destroyed.
Roger de Lacy in 1194 granted a charter to the burgesses confirming their liberties and right to be a free borough at a fee-farm of 12d. yearly for every toft, granting them the same privileges as the burgesses of Grimsby, and that their reeve should be chosen annually by the lord of the manor at his court leet, preference being given to the burgesses if they would pay as much as others for the office. Henry de Lacy confirmed this charter in 1278 and in 1484 Richard III. incorporated the town under the title of mayor and burgesses and granted a gild merchant with a hanse. His charter was withdrawn on the accession of Henry VII. and a similar one was granted, while in 1489 the king gave the burgesses licence to continue choosing a mayor as they had done in the time of Richard III. In 1606–1607 James I. confirmed the charter of Henry VII. and regulated the choice of the mayor by providing that he should be elected from among the chief burgesses by the burgesses themselves. The privilege of returning, two members to parliament which had belonged to Pontefract at the end of the 15th century was revived in 1620–1621 on the grounds that the charter of 1606–1607 had restored all their privileges to the burgesses. Since .the
