lessons of practical wisdom, and its numerous bons mots. But Sa‘dī’s Dīwān, or collection of lyrical poetry, far surpasses the Būstān and Gulistān, at any rate in quantity, whether in quality also is a matter of taste. Other minor works are the Arabic qaṣīdas, the first of which laments the destruction of the Arabian caliphate by the Mongols in 1258 (A.H. 656); the Persian qaṣīdas, partly panegyrical, partly didactical; the marāthī, or elegies, beginning with one on the death of Abū Bekr and ending with one on the defeat and demise of the last caliph, Mosta‘sim; the mulamma‘āt, or poems with alternate Persian and Arabic verses, of a rather artificial character; the tarjī‘āt, or refrain-poems; the ghazals, or odes; the ṣāhibiyyah and muḳatta‘āt, or moral aphorisms and epigrams; the rubā‘iyyāt, or quatrains; and the mufradāt, or distichs. Sa‘dī’s lyrical poems possess neither the easy grace and melodious charm of Ḥāfiż’s songs nor the overpowering grandeur of Jelālud-dīn Rūmī’s divine hymns, but they are nevertheless full of deep pathos and show such a fearless love of truth as is seldom met with in Eastern poetry. Even his panegyrics, although addressed in turn to almost all the rulers who in those days of continually changing dynasties presided over the fate of Persia, are free from that cringing servility so common in the effusions of Oriental encomiasts.
The first who collected and arranged his works was ‘Alī b. Ahmad b. Bīsutūn (1326–1334; A.H. 726–734). The most exact information about Sa‘dī’s life and works is found in the introduction to Dr W. Bacher’s Sa‘dī's Aphorismen und Sinngedichte (Sāhibiyyah) (Strassburg, 1879; a complete metrical translation of the epigrammatic poems), and in the same author’s “Sa‘dī Studien,” in Zeitschrift der morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xxx. pp. 81-106; see also H. Ethé in W. Geiger’s Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii. pp. 292-296, with full bibliography; and E. G. Browne, Literary History of Persia, pp. 525-539. Sa‘dī’s Kulliyyāt or complete works have been edited by Harrington (Calcutta, 1791–1795) (with an English translation of some of the prose treatises and of Daulat Shah’s notice on the poet, of which a German version is found in Graf’s Rosengarten (Leipzig, 1846, p. 229 sq.); for the numerous lithographed editions, see Rieu’s Pers. Cat. of the Brit. Mus. ii. p. 596. The Būstān has been printed in Calcutta (1810 and 1828), as well as in Lahore, Cawnpore, Tabriz, &c.; a critical edition with Persian commentary was published by K. H. Graf at Vienna in 1850 (German metrical translations by the same, Jena, 1850, and by Schlechta-Wssehrd, Vienna, 1852); English prose translations by H. W. Clarke (London, 1879); and Ziauddin Gulam Moheiddin (Bombay, 1889); verse by G. S. Davie (1882); French translation by Barbier de Meynard (Paris, 1880). The best editions of the Gulistān are by A. Sprenger (Calcutta, 1851) and by Platts (London, 1874); the best translations into English by Eastwick (1852) and by Platts (1873), the first four bābs in prose and verse by Sir Edwin Arnold (1899); into French by Defrémery (1858); into German by Graf (1846); see also S. Robinson’s Persian Poetry for English Readers (1883), pp. 245-366. The Pandnamah*, or book of wisdom (of doubtful genuineness) has been translated by A. N. Wollaston (1908), with Persian text. Select qaṣīdas, ghazals, elegies, quatrains and distichs have been edited, with a German metrical translation, by Graf, in the Z.D.M.G. ix. p. 92 sq., xii. p. 82 sq., xiii. p. 445 sq., xv. p. 541 sq. and xviii. p. 570 sq. On the Sūfic character of Sa‘dī in contrast to Ḥāfiż and Rūmī, comp. Ethé, “Der Sūfismus und seine drei Hauptvertreter,” in Morgenländische Studien (Leipzig, 1870), pp. 95-124. (H. E.)
SADIYA, the extreme north-east frontier station of British
India, in the Lakhimpur district of Eastern Bengal and Assam.
It stands high on a grassy plain, nearly surrounded by forest-clad
mountains, on the right bank of what is locally (but erroneously)
considered the main stream of the Brahmaputra. On
the opposite bank a railway has recently been opened which
connects with the Assam-Bengal line. Sadiya is garrisoned by
detachments of native infantry and military police, and is the
base of a chain of outposts. There is a bazaar, to which the hill-men beyond the frontier—Mishmis, Abors and Khamtis—bring
down rubber, wax, ivory and musk, to barter for cotton-cloth,
salt, metal goods, &c.
SADLER, MICHAEL THOMAS (1780–1835), English, social
reformer and economist, was born at Snelston, Derbyshire, on
the 3rd of January 1780. Settling down in business in Leeds
in 1800, he early took an active part. in political life, devoting
himself particularly to the administration of the poor law.
In 1828 he wrote Ireland: its Evils and their Remedies, in which
he advocated a poor-law, and a tax on absenteeism. He also
took a share in the Malthusian controversy, writing The Law
of Population: a Treatise in Disproof of the Super-fecundity of
Human Beings and developing the Real Principle of their
Increase (1830). He entered parliament in 1829 as member for
Newark, and devoted his efforts to questions of social reform.
He took a leading part in the agitation for the prevention of
child labour in factories—he was chairman of, the committee
appointed to inquire into the subject. He contested Leeds
after the Reform Bill of 1832 (Aldborough, for which 'he
had sat after Newark, being deprived of its member), but
was defeated by Macaulay. In 1834 he was unsuccessful at
Huddersfield, and failing health prevented any further attempts
to re-enter parliament. He settled down in Belfast, where his
firm had business interests, and died at New Lodge on the 29th
of July 1835.
See R. B. Seeley, Memoirs of M. T. Sadler (1842).
SADLER (or Sadleir), SIR RALPH (1507–1587), English statesman, the son of Henry Sadler, steward of the manor of Cilney, near Great Hadham, Hertfordshire, was born at Hackney,
Middlesex, in 1507. While achild he was placed in the family
of Thomas Cromwell, afterwards earl of Essex, whose secretary
he eventually became. Between 1525 and 1529 his patron's
letters are full of Sadler's name in Connexion with Cardinal
Wolsey's suppression of the monasteries; this probably brought
him under the king’s notice, for in 1536 he was made gentleman
of the privy chamber, and from that time was continually
employed by Henry VIII. In 1537 Sadler went first to Scotland
to try to reconcile Margaret to her son King James V., and then
to France on the same mission to James himself. He seems to
have been successful, and was again in Scotland in 1540 trying
to induce the king tofollow his uncle's ecclesiastical policy;
In or about January 1540, he was made secretary of state along
with Sir Thomas Wriothesly, and was knighted, probably about
the same time. On James V.’s death Sadler again went to
Scotland (March 1543) to negotiate a marriage between prince
Edward and his cousin Mary; he was unsuccessful, but, still
retained Henry's confidence. On Henry's death in 1547,
Sadler was by his will made one of the councillors to the sixteen
noblemen entrusted with the young king’s guardianship) In
the same year he was appointed treasurer to the army sent
to Scotland, and for his services in rallying the repulsed cavalry
at the battle of Musselburgh or Pinkie, he was created a knights
banneret. He also received many grants of land, including the
manor of Standon in Hertfordshire, where he built a magnificent
house in 1546. When Mary ascended the throne he retired,
living quietly till Elizabeth’s accession. He issued the writs for
the privy council meeting at Hatfield on the 20th of November
1558, and during the first year of the queenls reignhe once
more became a privy councillor. He sat in the parliament of
January 1558–1559 as member for Hertford, which he had
already represented in 1541, 1542 and 1553. Not long afterwards
his strong Protestant sympathies and his acquaintance
with Scotch affairs induced Elizabeth to send him (1559) to
Scotland, ostensibly to settle the border disputes, but in reality
to secure a union with the Protestant party there, and he was
largely instrumental in bringing about.the treaty of Leith,
July 6th, 1560. In 1568 Sadler was appointed chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster, and in the same year was one of the
English Commissioners employed in treating on the matters
arising from the flight of the Queen of Scots. From this time
he seems to have been continually engaged as a discreet and
trusty servant in connexion with Mary’s captivity, and was
frequently sent with messages to her. On the 25th of August
1584, when, owing to the imputations made by his Countess,
George 6th earl of Shrewsbury was allowed to resign his
guardianship of the Queen, Sadler was appointed to succeed
him. In September Mary was removed from Sheffield to Wingfield
and thence early in 1585 to Tutbury. In April, Sadler,
after numerous petitions on his part, was permitted to resign
his distasteful charge. He is said by some to have been sent
to Scotland to announce to James VI. his mother’s death,
but this is not corroborated by the state papers. On the 30th of March 1587. Sadler died at Standon, and was buried in the church there, He had married about 1534 Elizabeth Mitchell,
