meaning attached to it in current usage. It is applied more particularly to the investigations of those who devote themselves to the study of pure as opposed to applied science, to the investigation of causes rather than to practical experiment; thus while every surgeon or physician who treats an individual case of cancer may add to our sum of knowledge of the disease, the body of trained investigators which is endowed by the Cancer Research Fund are working on different lines. Again, the practical engineers who are building aeroplanes, and those who are making practical tests by actual flight in those machines, cannot be called " researchers", that term should be confined to the members, for example, of the scientific committee appointed by the British Government in 1909 to make investigations regarding aerial construction and navigation. Further, the term is particularly used of a course of post-graduate study at a university, for which many universities have provided special Research Studentships or Fellowships. These act as endowments for a specific period, and are conditional on the holder devoting his time to the investigation at first hand of some specihed subject.
RESENDE, ANDRÉ DE (1498–1573), the father of archaeology
in Portugal, began life as a Dominican friar, but about
1540 passed over to the ranks of the secular clergy. He spent
many years travelling in Spain, France and Belgium, where he
corresponded with Erasmus and other learned men. He was
also intimate with King John III. and his sons, and acted as
tutor to the Infante D. Duarte. Resende enjoyed considerable
fame in his lifetime, but modern writers have shown that he is
neither accurate nor scrupulous. In Portuguese he wrote:
(1) Historia da antiguidade da cidade de Evora (ibid. 1553);
(2) Vida do Infante D. Duarte (Lisbon, 1789). His chief Latin
work is the De Antiquitatibus Lusitaniae (Evora, 1593).
See the “ Life ” of Resende in Farinha's Colleção das antiguidades
de Evora (1785), and a biographical-critical article by Rivara in
the Revisit Litteraria (Oporto, 1839), iii. 340–62; also Cleynarts,
Latin Letters. (E. Pr.)
RESENDE, GARCIA DE (1470–1536), Portuguese poet and
editor, was born at Evora, and began to serve John II. as a page
at the age of ten, becomin his private secretary in 1491. He
was present at his death at Alvor on the 25th of October 1495.
He continued to enjoy the same favour with King Manoel, whom
he accompanied to Castile in 1498, and from whom he obtained
a knighthood of the Order of Christ. In 1514 Resende went to
Rome with Tristão da Cunha, as secretary and treasurer of the
famous embassy sent by the king to offer the tribute of the East
at the feet of Pope Leo X. In 1516 he was given the rank of a
nobleman of the royal household, and became escrivão de fazenda
to Prince John, afterwards King John III., from whom he
received further pensions in 1525. Resende built a chapel in
the monastery of Espinheiro near Evora, the pantheon of the
Alemtejo nobility, where he was buried.
He began to cultivate the making of verses in the palace of John II., and he tells us how one night when the king was in bed he caused him (Resende) to repeat some “ trovas ” of Jorge Manrique, saying it was as needful for a man to know them as to know the Pater Noster. Under these conditions, Resende grew up no mean poet, and moreover distinguished himself by his skill in drawing and music; while he collected into an album the best court verse of the time. The Cancioneiro Geral, probably begun in 1483 though not printed until 1516, includes the compositions of some three hundred fidalgos of the reigns of kings Alphonso V., John II. and Manoel. The main subjects of its pieces are love, satire and epigram, and most of them are written in the national redondilha verse, but the metre is irregular and the rhyming careless. The Spanish language is largely employed, because the literary progenitors of the whole collection were juan de Mena, Jorge Manrique, Boscan and Garcilasso. As a rule the compositions were improvised at palace entertainments, at which the poets present divided into two bands, attacking and defending a given theme throughout successive evenings. At other times these poetical soirées took the form of a mock trial at law, in which the queen of John II. acted as judge. Resende was much twitted by other rhymesters on his corpulence, but he repaid all their gibes with interest.
The artistic value of the Cancianeiro Geral is slight. Conventional in tone, the greater part are imitations of Spanish poets and show no trace of inspiration in their authors. The Cancioneiro is redeemed from complete insipidity by Resende himself, and his ine verses on the death of D. Ignez de Castro inspired the great episode in the Lusiads of Camoens (q.v.). Resende is the compiler of a gossiping chronicle of his patron John II., which, though plagiarized from the chronicle by Ruy de Pina (q.v.), has a value of its own. The past lives again in these pages, and though Resende's anecdotes may be unimportant in themselves, they reveal much of the inner life of the 15th century. Resends's Miscellanea, a rhymed commentary on the most notable events of his time, which is annexed to his Chronicle, is a document full of historical interest, and as a poem not without merit. The editions of his Chronicle are those of 1545, 1554, 1596, 1607, 1622, 1752 and 1798.
His Cancioneiro appeared in 1516, and was reprinted by Kausler at Stuttgart in 3 vols., 1846–52. A new edition has recently come from the university press at Coimbra. For a critical study of his work, see Excerptos, seguidos de uma noticia sobre sua vida e obras, um juizo critico, apreciação de bellezas e defeitos e estudo da lingua, by Antonio de Castilho (Paris, 1865). Also As sepulturas do Espinheiro, by Anselmo Braamcamp, Freire Lisbon, 1901, passim, especially pp. 67–80, where the salient dates in Resende's life are set out from documents recently discovered; and Dr Sousa Viterbo, Diccionario dos Architectos . . . Portugueses, ii. 361–74. (E. Pr.)
RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back), the act or
action of keeping back or withholding something. There are
some technical uses of the term. In English law “ reservation ”
is used of the retention by the vendor or lessor, in a conveyance
or lease, of some right or interest, which without such reservation
would have passed to the purchaser or tenant; such “ reservations ”
usually are concerned with rights of way or other easements
or sporting rights. In ecclesiastical usage, the term is
applied to the practice of preserving unconsumed a portion of
the consecrated elements after the celebration of the Eucharist.
For the history of this practice and its usage in the Roman,
Greek and English churches, see Eucharist, § Reservation of the
Eucharist. In the Roman Church, where the pope retains for
himself the right to nominate to certain benefices, that action is
termed, technically, “ reservation." When in making a statement,
taking an oath, &c., a person qualifies that statement in
his mind, or withholds some fact, word or expression which, if
expressed, would materially alter the effect of his statement or
oath, such qualification is termed a “ mental reservation,” or,
in the technical language of casuistry, “ mental restriction ”
(see Liguori). The system of providing special tracts of land
exclusively for the tribes of American Indians, adopted in the
United States of America and in Canada, is known as the Reservation
system, and such tracts are styled Indian Reservations.
(See United States and Canada.)
RESHT, the capital of the province of Gilan in Persia, in
37° 17' N., and 49° 36' E., on the left bank of the Siah-rud (Black
river), which is a branch of the Sefid-rud (White river), and flows
into the Murdab, lagoon of Enzeli. The distance from Enzeli,
the port of disembarkation from Russia, on the S. shore of the
Caspian, to Resht is 14 m. in a direct line, and is accomplished in
an open boat, or (since 1892), depth of water permitting, in a
small steamboat to Pir-i-Bazar and thence 6 m. on a good road
by carriage. Resht has a population of 60,000 and is the residence
of English, Russian, French and Turkish consuls and the seat of
the governor-general of the province of Gilan. The town is situated in low, malarious ground, and was originally buried in jungle, but the Russians during their occupation of the place in 1723–34 cleared much timber and jungle and made some open spaces. The houses are red-tiled and raised from the ground, with broad verandas and overhanging eaves. Conflagrations are frequent, particularly in the months of January and December, when hot, dry winds resembling the Fohn of the Alps come down from the snow-capped Elburz. A good carriage
