but continued to give lectures as usual in the Old Catholic Faculty of Theology in the university of Bonn, and to write on theological subjects. He was made rector of that university in 1873. In 1874 and 1875 he was the official reporter of the memorable Reunion Conferences held at Bonn in those years and attended by many distinguished theologians of the Oriental and Anglican communions.
Reusch was a profound scholar, an untiring worker and a man of lovable character. Among his voluminous works were contributions to the Revue Internationale de théologie, a review started at Bern at the instance of the Old Catholic Congress at Lucerne. He wrote also works on the Old Testament; a pamphlet on Die Deutschen Bischöfe und der Aberglaube; and another on the falsifications to be found in the treatise of Aquinas against the Greeks; as well as essays on the history of the Jesuit Order, and a book of prayers. But his fame will mainly rest on the works which he and Döllinger published jointly. These consisted of a work on the Autobiography of Cardinal Bellarmine, the Geschichte der Moralstreitigen in der Römisch-Katholischen Kirche seit dem XVI. Jahrhundert, and the Erörterungen über Leben and Schriften des hl. Lignori. During the last few years of his life he was smitten with paralysis. He died on the 3rd of March 1900, leaving behind him in manuscript a collection of letters to Bunsen about Roman cardinals and prelates, which has since been published. (J. J. L. *)
REUSCH, HANS HENRIK (1852–), Norwegian geologist,
was born at Bergen on the 5th of September 1852. He was
educated at Christiania, Leipzig and Heidelberg, and graduated
Ph.D. at Christiania in 1883. He joined the Geological Survey
of Norway in 1875, and became Director in 1888. He is distinguished
for his researches on the crystalline schists and the
Palaeozoic rocks of Norway. He discovered Silurian fossils
in the highly altered rocks of the Bergen region; and in 1891
he called attention to a palaeozoic conglomerate of glacial origin
in the Varanger Fiord, a view confirmed by Mr A. Strahan
in 1896, who found glacial striae on the rocks beneath the
ancient boulder-bed. Reusch has likewise thrown light on
the later geological periods, on the Pleistocene glacial phenomena
and on the sculpturing of the scenery of Norway. Among
his separate publications are Silur fossiler og pressede Konglomerater
(1882); Det nordlige Norges Geologi (1891).
REUSS, AUGUST EMANUEL VON (1811–1873), Austrian
geologist and palaeontologist, the son of Franz Ambrosius
Reuss (1761–1830), was born at Bilin in Bohemia on the 8th
of July 1811. He was educated for the medical profession,
graduating in 1834 at the university of Prague, and afterwards
practising for fifteen years at Bilin. His leisure was devoted to
mineralogy and geology, and the results of his researches were
published in Geognostische Skizzen aus Böhmen (1840–44) and
Die Versteinerungen der Böhmischen Kreideformation (1845–46).
In 1849 he gave up his medical practice, and became professor
of mineralogy at the university of Prague. There he established
a fine mineralogical collection, and he became the first
lecturer on geology. In 1863 he was appointed professor of
mineralogy in the university of Vienna. He investigated
the Cretaceous fauna of Gosau, and studied the Crustacea,
including entomostraca, the corals, bryozoa, and especially
the foraminifera of various geological formations and countries.
He died at Vienna on the 26th of November 1873.
REUSS, ÉDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGÉNE (1804–1891),
Protestant theologian, was born at Strassburg on the 18th of
July 1804. He studied philology in his native town (1819–22),
theology at Göttingen under J. G. Eichhorn; and Oriental
languages at Halle under Wilhelm Gesenius, and afterwards at
Paris under Silvestre de Sacy (1827–28). In 1828 he became
Privatdozent at Strassburg. From 1829 to 1834 he taught
Biblical criticism and Oriental languages at the Strassburg
Theological School; he then became assistant, and afterwards,
in 1836, regular professor of theology at that university. The
sympathies of Reuss were German rather than French, and
after the annexation of Alsace to Germany he remained at
Strassburg, and retained his professorship till, in 1888, he retired on a pension. Amongst his earliest works were: De libris
veteris Testamenti apoerypliis plebi non negandis (1829), Ideen
zur Einleitung in das Evangelium Johannis (1840) and Die
Johanneische Theologie (1847). In 1852 he published his
Histoire de la théologie chrétienne an siècle apostolique, which was
followed in 1863 by L’Histoire du canon des saintes écritures dans
l’église chrétienne. In 1874 he began to publish his translation
of the Bible, La Bible, nouvelle traduction avec commentaire. It
was the criticism and exegesis of the New Testament which
formed the subject of Reuss's earlier labours—in 1842, indeed,
he had published in German a history of the books of the New
Testament, Geschichte der heiligen Schriften N. Test.; and though
his own views were liberal, he opposed the results of the Tübingen
school. After a time he turned his attention also to Old Testament
criticism, for which he was especially fitted by his sound
knowledge of Hebrew. In 1881 he published in German his
Geschichte der heiligen Schriften A. Test., a veritable encyclopedia
of the history of Israel from its earliest beginning till the taking
of Jerusalem by Titus; He died at Strassburg on the 15th of
April 1891.
Reuss belonged to the more modern section of the Liberal party in the Lutheran Church. His critical position was to some extent that of K. H. Graf and J. Wellhausen, allowing for the circumstances that he was in a sense their forerunner, and was actually for a time Graf's teacher. Indeed, he was really the originator of the new movement, but hesitated to publish the results of his studies. For many years Reuss edited with A. H. Cunitz (b. 1812) the Beiträge zu den theologischen Wissenschaften. With A. H. Cunitz and J. W. Baum (1809–1878), and after their death alone, he edited the monumental edition of Calvin’s works (38 vols., 1863 ff.). His critical edition of the Old Testament appeared a year after his death. His son, Ernest Rudolf (b. 1841), was in 1873 appointed city librarian at Strassburg.
See the article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie, and cf. Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology in Germany since Kant (1890).
REUSS, the name of two small principalities of the German empire, called Reuss, elder line, or Reuss-Greiz, and Reuss, younger line, or Reuss-Schleiz-Gera. With a joint area of 441 sq. m. they form part of the complex of Thuringian states, and consist, roughly speaking, of two main blocks of territory, separated by the Neustadt district of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar. The more southerly, which is much the larger of the two portions, belongs to the bleak, mountainous region of the Frankenwald and the Vogtland, while the northern portion is hilly, but fertile. The chief rivers are the Weisse Elster and the Saale. About 35% of the total surface is occupied by forests, while about 40% is under tillage and about 19% under meadow and pasture. Wheat, rye and barley are the principal crops grown, and the breeding of cattle is an important industry.
Reuss-Greiz, with an area of 122 sq. m., belongs to the larger of the two divisions mentioned above, and consists of three large and several small parcels of land. On the whole, the soil is not favourable for agriculture, but the rearing of cattle is carried on with much success. About 63% of the inhabitants maintain themselves by industrial pursuits, the chief products of which are the making of woollen fabrics at Greiz, the capital, and of stockings at Zeulenroda. Other industries are machine building, printing and the making of paper and porcelain. In 1905 the population of the principality was 70,603. The constitution of Reuss-Greiz dates from 1867, and provides for a representative chamber of twelve members, of whom three are appointed by the prince, while two are chosen by the landed proprietors, three by the towns and four by the rural districts. The revenue and expenditure amount to about £76,000 a year, and there is no public debt. The reigning prince is Henry XXIV. (b. 1878), but as he is incapable of discharging his duties, these are now undertaken by a regent.
Reuss-Schleiz-Gera, with an area of 319 sq. m., includes part of the southern and the whole of the northern of the two main divisions mentioned above; it touches Bavaria on the south
